կաղամախի

Etymology
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Etymology
Usually considered a borrowing from an source.

Ačaṙean connects with similar words in languages of Azerbaijan and the Caucasus, namely Salmas 🇨🇬, Tabriz 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and assumes common borrowing into the languages of the region from a lost 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 word. He remarks that the homeland of the tree is unknown but that it spread eastward in view of Tehrani 🇨🇬, but according to Hacaloğlu, the latter is the black poplar,.

Saradževa, based on J̌ahukyan's personal communication, adduces also the gloss, which is usually taken as a 🇨🇬 word of unknown origin, obviously containing  from 🇨🇬 as the second component. Saradževa further compares Hesychian. She assumes a borrowing from a Mediterranean 🇨🇬 for all these words.

Martirosyan connects also dialectal Ararat 🇨🇬, and considers  a Mediterranean/Pontic tree name composed of  and a "tree-suffix". He explains the Azerbaijani parallel by dissimilation from (again with ) →, but this is based on the unreliable Salmas Azerbaijani form kälämbär quoted by Ačaṙean.

The following forms usually are not cited in the literature, but clearly are related: dialectal Nakhijevan 🇨🇬,, South 🇨🇬, ,. Moreover, 🇨🇬 given by Ačaṙean is much more widespread than assumed by him and has the additional meaning ‘plane-tree’ in dialects. The supposed 🇨🇬 form kalax ‘poplar’ cited by Ačaṙean based on Erckert does not exist in modern materials on the language and should be amended to and joined with 🇨🇬 and other Caucasian forms cited by J̌ahukyan, all of which, however, should be removed from comparison as recent Turkic borrowings.

In reality, probably a borrowing, from a native Northeast Caucasian compound containing a word for ‘white’ of the form *kala- or similar (compare inherited 🇨🇬) and a certain tree name, perhaps ‘poplar’, or even simply ‘wood, timber’ or ‘tree’: compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, in oblique cases , 🇨🇬, , , dialectal , , 🇨🇬, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, ,  etc. For the middle element of  compare especially the quoted Ingush forms. For the final element of 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. The unetymologized 🇨🇬 may contain the same *kala- ‘white’; for the second part compare the Kulturwort 🇨🇬.

Such a compound is represented by 🇨🇬,. See it for more.

For most of the above and many other Caucasian tree designations Nikolayev / Starostin reconstruct three separate 🇨🇬 roots with reflexes in modern languages which are similar and tend to contaminate.

For tree names formed from a color compare Martirosyan 2010: “[the poplar, aspen, linden, plane] display a similar etymological pattern involving a semantic derivation from ideas like ‘shiny, bright’ and ‘pure’... The connection is based on the bright whiteness of the birchbark.” Note also the names of in other languages, which contain the word for ‘white’ or ‘silver’: 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,  from the root , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 belonging to the root ,  meaning “contrasting by white”, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Note also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  white poplar,   ,
 * 2)  pine
 * 1)  pine
 * 1)  pine
 * 1)  pine
 * 1)  pine

Usage notes
The identification of the tree species has been disputed. In Isaiah, Hosea and Galen translates 🇨🇬. In Agatʿangełos found in an enumeration of tree-names, between and. In 2 Paralipomenon corresponds to 🇨🇬 in a set of three tree names; this seems to be corroborated by the attestation in Hexaemeron. Still, the identification with "pine" is not conclusive. Among modern scholars Ketikean (apud Ačaṙean) and Łazarean identify with, Artʿinean with , Mēnēvišean (apud Ačaṙean) with , whereas Diratzouyan with the whole genus.