यद्

Pronoun

 * , which is

Etymology
From, from , from , ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬,, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,.

Pronoun

 * 1) who, which, what, whichever, whatever, that ( etc.)

Usage notes
Usually with correlatives, , , , , , , , , , , , , by which it is oftener followed than preceded, or the correlative is dropped e.g.
 * yas tu nā*rabhate karma kṣipram bhavati nirdravyaḥ - [he] indeed who does not begin work soon becomes poor

or the relative pronoun is dropped e.g.
 * andhakam bhartāraṃ na tyajet sā mahā-satī - she who does not desert a blind husband is a very faithful wife

yad is often repeated to express "whoever", "whatever", "whichever", e.g.
 * yo yaḥ - whatever man
 * yā yā - whatever woman
 * yo yaj jayati tasya tat - whatever he wins (in war) belongs to him ( VII, 96)
 * yad yad vadati tad tad bhavati - whatever he says is true

or the two relatives may be separated by, and are followed by the doubled or single correlative e.g.
 * upyate yad dhi yad bījam tat tad eva prarohati - whatever seed is sown, that even comes forth ( IX, 40)

Similar indefinite meanings are expressed by the relative joined with e.g.
 * yasmai tasmai - to any one whatever

especially in:
 * yadvā tadvā - anything whatever

or by with, , , or (in later language, not in Manu) ko'pi e.g.
 * yaḥ kaścit - whosoever
 * yāni kāni ca mitrāṇi - any friends whatsoever
 * yena kenā*py upā*yena - by any means whatsoever

yad is joined with to express generalization e.g.
 * śūdrāṃs tvad yāṃs tvad - either the śūdras or anybody else

or immediately followed by a personal pronoun on which it lays emphasis e.g.
 * yo 'ham - I that very person who
 * yas tvaṃ kathaṃ vettha - how do you know?

It is also used in the sense of "si quis" e.g.
 * striyaṃ spṛśed yaḥ - should any one touch a woman

yad is also used without the copula e.g.
 * andho jaḍaḥ pīṭha sarpī saptatyā sthaviraśca yaḥ - a blind man, an idiot, a cripple, and a man seventy years old ( VIII, 394)

Sometimes there is a change of construction in such cases e.g ye ca mānuṣāḥ for mānuṣāṃś-ca ( X, 86). The nominative singular neuter yad is then often used without regard to gender or number and may be translated by "as regards", "as for", e.g.
 * kṣatraṃ vā etad vanaspatīnāṃ yan nyag-rodhaḥ - as for the nyag-rodha, it is certainly the prince among trees

or by "that is to say", "to wit" e.g.
 * tato devā etaṃ vajraṃ dadṛśur yad apaḥ - the gods then saw this thunderbolt, to wit, the water

yad as an adverbial conjunction generally means "that", especially after verbs of saying, thinking etc., often introducing an oratio directa with or without ; iti yad, at the end of a sentence = "thinking that", "under the impression that" e.g. ii, 2÷8. yad can also mean "so that", "in order that", "wherefore", "whence", "as", "in as much as", "since", "because" (the correlative being, "therefore"), "when", "if" etc.
 * ádha yád - even if, although
 * yad api - id. (
 * yad u - evam - as - so
 * yad uta - that, that is to say, scilicet
 * yat kila - that
 * yac ca - if, that is to say
 * yac ca-yac ca - both - and ; that

According to 3-3, 148 after expressions of "impossibility", "disbelief", "hope", "disregard", "reproach" and, "wonder":
 * yad vā - or else (often found in commentators), whether, however
 * yad vā - yadi vā - if-or it
 * yad bhūyasā - for the most part
 * yat satyam - certainly, indeed, of course
 * yan nu, with 1st person - what if I, let me