ぬ

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
Originally the of Classical Japanese negative suffix. In modern Japanese, the (lemma, originally ) assimilated to. In turn, from. For further detail, see.

Suffix

 * : not

Usage notes

 * This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as in traditional Japanese grammar.

Conjugation

 * For classical conjugation, see.

Etymology 3
From.

Many monolingual Japanese dictionaries  derive this as a contraction of 🇨🇬; however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.

More recent work by and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.

Suffix

 * : has done, has happened
 * 1) * 1943, 土井晩翠譯『オヂュッセーア』第十九歌
 * 1) * 1943, 土井晩翠譯『オヂュッセーア』第十九歌

Usage notes

 * In 🇨🇬 and continuing in classical and later Japanese, the ending and the ending  have both been used to mark the completion of an action.  was used mainly for verbs that indicated intransitive, naturally occurring, or unintentional actions, while  was used mainly for verbs that indicated transitive or intentional actions.  In the shift to modern Japanese, this distinction was lost, and Classical  developed into modern.
 * In classical Japanese, perfective conjugates differently from negative   as shown in the following table:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! !! Negative  !! Perfective ! Attaches to verb stem conjugated to → ! Conjugates to ↓ || || ! Irrealis / ! Continuative / ! Terminal / ! Attributive / ! Realis / ! Imperative /
 * Irrealis / || Continuative /
 * }
 * In modern Japanese, is rarely encountered, and it often imparts a formal or archaic sense.
 * This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as in traditional Japanese grammar.
 * This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as in traditional Japanese grammar.

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Particle

 * : of, -'s
 * 1) Indicates the subject of a sentence.
 * 1) Indicates the subject of a sentence.
 * 1) Indicates the subject of a sentence.
 * 1) Indicates the subject of a sentence.

Usage notes

 * is used for personal names or pronouns, is used otherwise. See  for details.

Etymology
The conjugation of this auxiliary verb appears to follow that of a defective n-row paradigm rather than a  paradigm, despite the fact that there was never an n-row  paradigm.

Notably, this verb has no attested ; uses and conjugations off of are seen instead. This verb also has no attested.

Suffix

 * 1) expresses negation; not
 * 1) expresses negation; not

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.