り

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
Originally the classical copula verb following a verb in the.

The -i ending of the preceding verb stem contracted with the initial a- in ari to form -eri, which was reanalyzed as the or  of the verb stem for  verbs, or the  for, all of which ended in -e, with the final -ri then viewed as a suffix.


 * Example: +  →, reanalyzed as  +

Research into clarified the -e vowel value as, showing that the original form could not have been the  that ended in. Ancient was also known to appear from fusion of -i and a-, and this revealed the much simpler original structure of a verb in the  for either quadrigrade or sa-irregular verbs +.

Originally denoted ongoing state or action, or the resulting state of an action. The sense later shifted to indicate the completion of an action. Compare the modern construction.

Pronunciation

 * In Tokyo speech, the verb + construction always has the accent on the penultimate mora, regardless of the underlying verb. This is also true if the suffix appears in the adnominal form.

Suffix

 * 1)   did; have done

Usage notes
This word is classified as in traditional Japanese grammar. It is morphologically an inflectional suffix.

Attaches by changing the -u of godan verbs to -eri, suru to seri, and kuru to keri. The result can be further conjugated like an r-irregular verb; for example, the adnominal form ends in -eru.

The adnominal form of the ending, -eru, is easily confused with the potential ending for godan verbs. Note that the former is always accented, but the latter is only accented when the underlying verb is.
 * Unaccented verb : stative, potential
 * Accented verb : stative and potential

In Classical Japanese, this ending is usually not used on r-irregular verbs, because it is a contraction of -i + ari and r-irregular verbs already incorporate an etymological ari.

Etymology 3
Probably ultimately deriving from the classical copula verb, used adverbially to denote the state or manner of an action.

Used to form adverbs from some onomatopoeias or ideophones. Appears to have been productive up through the of the late, possibly also in the early stages of the  of the. In the modern language, this suffix persists in existing words, but it is not used to form any new words.

Usage notes

 * In modern usage, many of these adverbs exhibit gemination, as shown above.
 * Parallel forms may include reduplication of the root onomatopoeia or ideophone, or the root plus adverbial, often also exhibiting gemination:
 * In most cases, these different forms constitute a cluster of synonyms based on the core meaning of the root onomatopoeia or ideophone.
 * In most cases, these different forms constitute a cluster of synonyms based on the core meaning of the root onomatopoeia or ideophone.
 * In most cases, these different forms constitute a cluster of synonyms based on the core meaning of the root onomatopoeia or ideophone.
 * In most cases, these different forms constitute a cluster of synonyms based on the core meaning of the root onomatopoeia or ideophone.

Etymology 4
Shortening of, from shortening of.