文化

Etymology
The modern Chinese term is an, which is a direct translation of the German word.

In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as +. Often cited are the following examples:

Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment or military might  to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:

文化 over here is synonymous with. This is not the same as in the modern sense of the term.

It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term to name an  during the Edo period.

When used to translate during the Meiji restoration,  is possibly a contraction of, which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

Noun

 * 1)  culture
 * 2)  education; literacy
 * 3)  archaeological culture
 * 4)  education through teaching morality, literature and music
 * 1)  education; literacy
 * 2)  archaeological culture
 * 3)  education through teaching morality, literature and music
 * 1)  education; literacy
 * 2)  archaeological culture
 * 3)  education through teaching morality, literature and music
 * 1)  education; literacy
 * 2)  archaeological culture
 * 3)  education through teaching morality, literature and music
 * 1)  education through teaching morality, literature and music
 * 1)  education through teaching morality, literature and music

Usage notes
Like the term "culture" in English, can refer to both culture in the sense of a society's arts or customs, as well the attitudes and behaviours of a particular group of people, as in a "company culture". However, cannot refer to "culture" in the biological sense; instead the term  is used. The verb is to cultivate.

Etymology
, repurposed during the as a translation of.

Cited with the sense starting from roughly 1870.

Noun

 * 1) culture
 * 2) * 1928, 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美:

Proper noun

 * 1) The Bunka era, 1804-1818