浪人

Etymology
Attested earliest in  (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People) :

Noun

 * 1) hobo; vagabond
 * 2) ruffian
 * 3) Japanese ronin
 * 4)  lewd person; lecher

Etymology
From compound. Compare modern 🇨🇬 reading làngrén.

Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of and  period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.

Noun

 * 1) a masterless samurai
 * 2) a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
 * 3) * 1177–1188: :
 * 浪（ラウ）人
 * 1) someone in exile
 * Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.
 * More specifically spelled.
 * 1) a prisoner
 * More specifically spelled.
 * 1) someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person
 * 2) * 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)
 * 罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし.
 * 1) * 1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)
 * 「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし. 」
 * 1) * 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)
 * 「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と
 * 1) a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again:
 * 1) a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again:

Derived terms

 * : a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again

Verb

 * 1) to become unemployed, to lose one's job
 * 2)  to lose one's master
 * 3) to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing