-ʼĮĮD

Etymology 1
The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root.

Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as ∅-classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *∅-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using ∅/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.

Root
This root shows a wide range of semantic themes as it relates to such broad categories as "making" and "acting". The actual meaning often relies on thematic prefix compounds.


 * 1) act
 * 2) () to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.
 * 3) () to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).
 * 4) (' + ') to take possession of, to make something one's own.
 * 5) ('/  + ' +  ) to happen, to take place.
 * 6) Misc. thematic
 * 7) () to injure; to deprive oneself, to self-sacrifice.
 * 8) () to be useful; to use.
 * 9) () to live.
 * 10) () to discuss, to bother, to harass.
 * 11) () to imitate.
 * 12) () to pretend, to fake, to play like.
 * 13) to pay attention.
 * 14) () to quit, to surrender.
 * 15) wealthy (root ?)
 * 16) ( thematized) to be wealthy.
 * 17) dislike
 * 18) () to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.
 * 19) () to be denied to (as a right to someone); to be lost (as eyesight or a relative to someone).

Etymology 2
Probably related to, “to see, to look”.

Root

 * 1) bark