-e

Etymology
From archaic forms ending in e, from, from the coalescence of multiple various endings from.

Pronunciation
Silent.

Suffix

 * 1) Used for archaizing.

Usage notes
Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).

Etymology
From.

Usage notes

 * Generally, is used in nouns with final stress and  otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take  even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in, , and.
 * A rather large number of plurals in show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
 * A short stem vowel may be lengthened:.
 * Final -d- may be replaced with -i-:.
 * Final -g- may be lost:.
 * An underlying final -t- may resurface:.

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
From, from a merger of various suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of, in weak classes II and III, ultimately from.

Usage notes

 * In Ripuarian and eastern Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is . It becomes before vowel-initial words, especially within the noun or verb phrase (thus similarly to French liaison). Optionally the same may also occur before.
 * In western Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is, but the final is lost when followed by a consonant other than  – a process called  and also active in Luxembourgish.
 * These two systems are ultimately very similar, the only major difference being the form the suffix takes in pausa, i.e. in isolation or before a speech pause. For simplicity, therefore, Wiktionary's coverage of Central Franconian uses the e-form as general lemma form for all dialects. The -n must then be added depending on the phonetic environment and the dialect in question.


 * The nominative/accusative of masculine adjectives always takes the suffix, whereas the neuter never does: , . In the feminine and plural, however, there is variation. The traditional rule in Kölsch is that adjectives take only after voiceless stems: , but  because the stem in the latter case is . Exceptionally, the suffix  becomes.
 * Today this rule is no longer followed strictly and one may hear after all obstruents, be they voiceless or voiced (thus optionally ). We therefore give both forms, but order them according to the traditional rule. After vowels and sonorants, true native speakers still avoid the e-suffix in the feminine and plural reliably enough that we may disregard it.
 * On the other hand, more southern dialects tend to drop -e even after voiceless obstruents. When a lemma is restricted to such a dialect, it is of course possible to reverse the order or strike the e-form entirely.

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
, from.

Etymology 3
, from.

Pronunciation

 * (like the ordinal written in full)

Usage notes
The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French, but this is discouraged by the.

Etymology 3
From various suffixes of the adjective inflection.

Usage notes
See Appendix:Dutch parts of speech

Etymology 5
From, from , from.

Etymology 6
From, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.

Etymology
From the and  adverbial suffix  (as in ), perhaps reinforced by  and.

Suffix

 * 1) -ly;

Etymology 1
From and. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Conflated: Historically, the former was deverbal, while the latter  was denominal.
 * , from
 * , from ; cognate with 🇨🇬

Pronunciation

 * silent; causing previous silent consonant to become pronounced, and causing nasal vowels to become replaced by oral vowels + nasal consonants

Etymology 2
In the third person, from ; in the first person generally by analogy.

Etymology 3
From (imperative).

Suffix

 * 1) forms the perfect participle of a verb

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Etymology 2
From, a merger of various vocalic endings.

Suffix

 * das  → dem  (usually: dem Haus)
 * → die Frau
 * (geh- + ) → ich  (colloquial or poetic: ich )
 * → er gehe
 * → ich , er 
 * das  → dem  (usually: dem Haus)
 * → die Frau
 * (geh- + ) → ich  (colloquial or poetic: ich )
 * → er gehe
 * → ich , er 
 * → er gehe
 * → ich , er 
 * → ich , er 
 * → ich , er 

Etymology 3
coalesces with of, unstressed  weakens to. See also pronunciation notes at.

Etymology 2

 * From.
 * From.

Particle

 * 1)  whether, if
 * 2) * 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell
 * Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
 * Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
 * (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of  could be removed without changing the meaning.)
 * Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
 * Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
 * (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of  could be removed without changing the meaning.)

Usage notes
Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.

Etymology 4
See at.

Etymology 1
Borrowed from, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  -ly;

Usage notes
Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the suffix by -e.

Etymology
Conflated: Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.
 * From.
 * From.

The two suffixes do retain a distinct inflection in the Soikkola, Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects.

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Etymology 2
Simplification of.

Etymology 3
From, from , from.

Etymology 4
From a variety of nominative and accusative plural endings including  in masculine and feminine i-stems and in feminine ī-stems,  in neuter i-stems, and  in some consonant stems; from various  endings.

Etymology 5
From, from , from.

Etymology 1
From, from , probably from a combination of  suffixes, but morphologically opaque. Compare perhaps 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, though these are also of disputed derivation.

Suffix

 * 1) -ly;

Usage notes
The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.
 * Examples:

Etymology 2
A regularly declined form of.

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) Noun suffix, mostly used for young animals.

Etymology
From, from.

Usage notes
This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (, from ), but not in others.

Etymology 1
From a variety of adjectival inflectional suffixes.

Etymology 2
From, , from ,. Compare, ,.

Etymology 3
From.

Suffix

 * 1) first person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to this (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)

Usage notes
This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

Final

 * 1) an incorporating final

Etymology 1
From West Germanic *-ā, from, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ly

Etymology 2
From. Beyond that, generally from. Note though that is from, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

Suffix

 * 1) forms adjectival suffixes from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)

Etymology
.

Etymology
From (whence also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬), from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant(s) when one of the following is true:
 * The consonant(s) are a single intervocalic coronal consonant or -nd-.
 * The consonant(s) are -mb-, -ng- or any lone intervocalic non-coronal consonant, in turn preceded by an unrounded vowel.

Other consonants and clusters are generally not palatalised by the suffix, unless the cluster previously had an or  between the consonants in the cluster that was lost to syncope. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.

Etymology
.

Etymology
, from. .

Suffix

 * (see )
 * (see )
 * (see )
 * (see )

Etymology 1
Representing French feminine nouns.

Etymology 2
A neologistic suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns and adjectives.

Usage notes
Few conservative dialects use to form the oblique feminine singular of oikoclitic adjectives.

Etymology 1
.

Suffix

 * 1)  -s

Usage notes

 * This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural ):
 * mame, from mamă, fem.
 * vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.

Etymology 2
.

Suffix

 * Oh!
 * Oh!

Usage notes

 * This suffixed used with masculine and neuter definite nouns in and :


 * This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in :

Etymology 3
, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 3
, from, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.

Etymology 1
, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.

Etymology 2
, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Etymology 3
,, and , the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Etymology 4
Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.

Usage notes
Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in do not take this suffix.

Suffix

 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1) to

Suffix

 * 1)  in order to, for the purpose of, to, for
 * 1)  in order to, for the purpose of, to, for

Usage notes
This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of,  when the preceding syllable ends in ,  when it ends in  or  or a reduced syllable, and  (a null suffix) after other vowels.

It is unclear if is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix  and adverbializing suffix.

The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.