-en

Pronunciation

 * In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example,  +   can be  or.
 * Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain formations that have become common words in their own right, such as.
 * Syllable loss is sometimes prevented to avoid merging with more normalized derivatives, such as for keeping  from being pronounced identically to the established term   (notice the e is no longer written), even though they derive from a combination of  +.
 * But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as, which can be pronounced or  because "" is not a common word.
 * Syllable loss is sometimes prevented to avoid merging with more normalized derivatives, such as for keeping  from being pronounced identically to the established term   (notice the e is no longer written), even though they derive from a combination of  +.
 * But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as, which can be pronounced or  because "" is not a common word.

Etymology 1
From, , past participle ending of strong verbs (compare 🇨🇬), from , past participle ending of strong verbs (compare 🇨🇬). From, from , a variant of. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from 🇨🇬) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern 🇨🇬), but not in others (compare ), from, from.

Usage notes
Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs. Including ones which do not actually use the suffix -en are described as " + → ".

Etymology 2
From, from , from , , from.

From (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of '), from ' nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare ; ;. Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier. Akin to 🇨🇬 n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).

Suffix

 * Examples in general modern use:
 * (cf. )
 * Archaic or dialectal examples:
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * Archaic or dialectal examples:
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
 * 1) * 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:
 * Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.

Usage notes

 * Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are, , , all of which are modelled on oxen.
 * This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like, ,.

Etymology 3
From, , from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1)  to make

Usage notes

 * Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.

Translations

 * Danish:, -ne
 * Esperanto:
 * Hungarian:
 * Portuguese:, -escer

Etymology 4
From, from , from , from ; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. See.

Suffix

 * Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:
 * Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
 * ("shameless")
 * Rare or archaic examples:
 * ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
 * ("made of boxwood")
 * Orphan examples:
 * Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
 * ("shameless")
 * Rare or archaic examples:
 * ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
 * ("made of boxwood")
 * Orphan examples:
 * Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
 * ("shameless")
 * Rare or archaic examples:
 * ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
 * ("made of boxwood")
 * Orphan examples:
 * ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
 * ("made of boxwood")
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:
 * Orphan examples:

Etymology 5
From, from , from the neuter form of.

Etymology 6
From, from , from.

Etymology 7
From, a blending of Old English infinitives and , from ; and  and , the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.

Usage notes

 * Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech.
 * The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, 🇨🇬 blended with, which resulted in having a (dialectal) double meaning.

Suffix

 * 1)  -th
 * 1)  -th
 * 1)  -th
 * 1)  -th
 * 1)  -th
 * 1)  -th

Suffix

 * 1) of

Suffix

 * 1)  ; -ene.
 * 1)  ; -ene.
 * 1)  ; -ene.

Usage notes

 * If the noun from which the singular definite is formed already ends in an unstressed schwa, this is not doubled: kage, kagen (but if the -e is stressed, a schwa is appended normally: ske, skeen; allé, alléen). If it ends with a consonant and the last vowel is short, the last consonant is usually doubled in native and nativized words, if it is one of {k, l, m, n, p, s, t}: hat, hatten. This is however not a reliable rule.

Pronunciation

 * In most regions the final -n is silent except optionally in enunciation and as a hiatus breaker before a (typically unstressed) vowel in the following word. In western Belgium and parts of the north-eastern Netherlands, however, the is commonly sounded and may become syllabic  (as in German, see below).
 * In most regions the final -n is silent except optionally in enunciation and as a hiatus breaker before a (typically unstressed) vowel in the following word. In western Belgium and parts of the north-eastern Netherlands, however, the is commonly sounded and may become syllabic  (as in German, see below).

Etymology 1
Primarily from weak class 2, from, from , from , from , from and.

Inflection
For verb stems ending in a voiced consonant:

For verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant:

Etymology 2
From, , , from , from.

Etymology 3
From, a merger of various infinitive suffixes:
 * The strong infinitive, from.
 * The weak class 1 infinitive, , from ,.
 * The weak class 2 infinitive, from.

Etymology 4
From, from , from , from.

Etymology 5
From various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection.

Suffix

 * , a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch
 * , a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch
 * , a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch
 * , a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch
 * , a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch
 * , a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch
 * , a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch

Etymology 6
From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.

Etymology 7
From, from , from.

Etymology 1
See (illative).

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology 3
See (possessive).

Usage notes
See the usage notes under and.

Etymology 4
The instructive singular of.

Etymology 1
From, a merger of various terminations in reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely , ,  , and , from , , , , and.

Suffix

 * Accordingly, the suffix is also applied to verbs borrowed from other languages, and may be understood as the suffix for denominal verbs in general (actually derivation or conversion plus an inflectional suffix that happens to be part of the citation form of a German verb).
 * + and -en →
 * + and -en →
 * + and -en →
 * + and -en →
 * + and -en →
 * + and -en →
 * + and -en →
 * + and -en →

Etymology 2
From, a merger of various terminations in reflecting different declensional patterns.

Etymology 3
From, from , from.

Etymology 4
From the feminine patronymic suffix.

Suffix

 * 1)  -ene (alkene suffix)

Suffix

 * 1)  on

Suffix

 * 1)   -ly.
 * , aside from the regular
 * , aside from the regular
 * , aside from the regular
 * , aside from the regular

Usage notes

 * Variants:
 *  is added to some back-vowel words
 *  is added to back-vowel words
 *  is added to front-vowel words

Suffix

 * in the standard language:
 * in the standard language:
 * in the standard language:
 * in the standard language:
 * in the standard language:
 * in the standard language:
 * in the standard language:

Usage notes

 * Variants:
 *  is added to certain irregular stems
 *  is added to back-vowel words
 * -en is added to unrounded front-vowel words
 *  is added to rounded front-vowel words

Etymology 1
From, from , from ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
From, a blending of Old Saxon infinitives , and , from.

Usage notes
The suffix -en, like any ending that involves either -n or -nn, is subject to the . For example,.

Etymology 1
A merger of various infinitive suffixes:
 * The strong infinitive, from.
 * The weak class 1 infinitive, , from ,.
 * The weak class 2 infinitive, from.

Etymology 2
From the strong past participle ending, from.

Etymology 3
From various first and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.

Etymology 4
From, from.

Etymology 1
From, past participle ending of strong verbs, from , from ,. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from 🇨🇬) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared.

Usage notes
In many cases and -en are added together as a circumfix.

The full -en was better-preserved in the northern dialects, whereas in many cases the southern dialects shortened the affix to.

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology 3
From,.

Usage notes
This suffix was increasingly reduced to.

The use of this suffix as present indicative plural was common in the Midland area, replacing,.

Etymology 4
From, a plural and oblique case marker.

Usage notes
This suffix as a plural marker is most heavily used in early Middle English, and is generally favoured in southern dialects, whereas northern dialects largely supplanted it with early.

Etymology 5
From.

Etymology 6
From, from.

Usage notes
The affixion of -en is sometimes accompanied by a mutation in the root vowel.

Etymology 7
From.

Etymology 8
From.

Etymology 9
From, from.

Etymology
From, feminine form of , from , alternative form of , from.

Suffix
(definite singular neuter, definite singular masculine , indefinite plural or , definite plural  or )



Etymology 1
, from.

Suffix

 * (“girl,” originally “little girl”)
 * (“girl,” originally “little girl”)

Declension

 * Neuter

Etymology 2
, from.

Declension

 * Feminine

Etymology 3
, from.

Etymology 4
, from.

Etymology 5
, from.

Etymology 6
, from. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from.

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1)  -ene

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From and.

Etymology 1
From forms of (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem. From, , from , from.

Etymology 2
From, past participle ending of strong verbs.

Etymology 1
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature
 * 1) female or feminine person or creature