-er

Etymology 1
,, from , from , from , from , usually thought to have been borrowed from. However, Gąsiorowski suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching *-ós. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Compare the synonymous but unrelated, ( variant ), from , from.

Suffix

 * 1)   A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb;.
 * 2)   A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily.
 * 3)   A person whose occupation is the root noun;  a person characterized by the root.
 * 4)   A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
 * 5)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 6)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily.
 * 2)   A person whose occupation is the root noun;  a person characterized by the root.
 * 3)   A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
 * 4)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 5)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person whose occupation is the root noun;  a person characterized by the root.
 * 2)   A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
 * 3)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 4)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
 * 2)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 3)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
 * 2)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 3)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 2)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 2)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 2)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
 * 2)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
 * 1)   A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.

Usage notes

 * The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in and ) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component  or is added to both components for humorous effect.
 * The occupational sense is often applied generally to members of a group, as in and ; fans and hobbyists, as in, and those who use a particular tool or instrument, as in.
 * The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the Variety -er.

Translations
''The translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix.''


 * Afrikaans: -er
 * Albanian: -es, -ese, -ës, -ëse, -tar, -tare
 * American Sign Language: OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh
 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: مِـ
 * Armenian: -իչ
 * Bashkir: -сы, -се, -со, -сө
 * Catalan:, , -triu, ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech: -ič, -ač, -itel, -átor,
 * Danish:
 * Faroese: -ari
 * Finnish:, ;  , ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician: ,
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Guaraní: -hára
 * Hungarian: /
 * Icelandic: -ari
 * Ido: -er
 * Igbo: onye-
 * Indonesian:, pem-,
 * Interlingua: -ero, -era, -ario, -aria, -ista
 * Irish: -éir
 * Italian: -ore, -tore
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Kongo: mu-
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: ,
 * Kyrgyz: -чы, -чы, -чы, -чы
 * Latin: -tor
 * Latvian:, -āja, , -ēja, -ents, -ente, -ists, -iste, -ors, -ore, -ers, -eris, -ere, -ieris, -iere
 * Malay: peng-, pem-
 * Maori: kai-
 * Mongolian: -гч
 * Navajo: -é
 * Nupe: -ci
 * Old English: -ere, -a
 * Pashto: -ونکی
 * Persian: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:, -toare
 * Russian: (-а́тель / -я́тель / -и́тель),, -о́вщик, , , , , , , , ,
 * Sanskrit: -क
 * Scottish Gaelic: -adair, -air, -aire, -ear, -iche
 * Spanish:, , ,
 * Swahili: m-
 * Swedish:
 * Thai:, , ,
 * Turkish:, , , , , , , , -an, -yan, ,
 * Welsh:, , -wraig
 * Wiradjuri: -daayn
 * Yoruba: oní-


 * Afrikaans: -er
 * American Sign Language: OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh
 * Armenian: -իչ
 * Bashkir: -сы, -се, -со, -сө
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:,  ,  ,  ,  ,
 * Czech:, , -íř, , -ista, , , , -log, -graf, -ér, , -or
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: for players of instruments or games, often translated as joueur /joueuse de followed by the name of the instrument or game played, but some words have specific translations
 * Galician: ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Hebrew: ־אי, ־ן
 * Hungarian:, /, ////,
 * Icelandic: -
 * Ido: -ist
 * Interlingua: -ero, -era, -ario, -aria, -ista
 * Irish: -éir
 * Italian: -ista /,  -ista /, giocatore /giocatrice  di followed by the name of the sport
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: ,
 * Kyrgyz: -чы, -чы, -чы, -чы
 * Mongolian: -чин, -ч
 * Nupe: -ci
 * Persian:
 * Polish:, , , -aczka, , -czyni, , -niczka, -ciel, -cielka
 * Portuguese:
 * Scottish Gaelic: -air, -adair
 * Spanish:, , , ,
 * Swedish:, , -spelare;  -spelare
 * Thai: ,
 * Turkish:, , , ; , , ,
 * Welsh:, , -wraig
 * Wiradjuri: -daayn


 * Czech:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Hungarian: ////, //-jú/-jű
 * Italian:
 * Latvian:, -niece
 * Polish:
 * Yoruba: oní-

Etymology 2
From, from , from , from , from.

Suffix

 * 1)   Suffix denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun);.
 * 2) Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
 * 1) Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
 * 1) Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
 * 1) Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
 * 1) Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.

Translations

 * American Sign Language: OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh
 * Armenian: -ցի
 * Catalan: ,
 * Czech:, ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French: often translated as habitant /habitante de followed by the name of the place, but some words have specific translations
 * Galician: ,
 * Georgian: -ელი
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Ido: -an
 * Japanese:
 * Malay:
 * Nupe: -ci
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:, , , , , -enho
 * Russian:, -анин, -анка,
 * Scottish Gaelic: -ach, -each
 * Swedish: ,
 * Yoruba: oní-

Etymology 3
From, , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. See also.

Suffix

 * 1)  Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns.
 * ,, , "loins"

Etymology 4
From, representing various noun-suffixes in and , variously ,  and , from , ,. As a productive suffix, now merged with the occupational sense of Etymology 1.

Suffix

 * 1) Person or thing connected with.

Etymology 5
From, from , from , , from or  (a derivative of Etymology 6, below); related to superlative.

Suffix

 * 1)   More;.

Usage notes

 * Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix -er also form their superlatives using the suffix.
 * Final preceded by a consonant becomes  when the suffix -er or  is added.
 * easy &rarr; easier &rarr; easiest; gray &rarr; grayer &rarr; grayest
 * When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.
 * dim &rarr; dimmer &rarr; dimmest
 * The suffixes -er and may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables.
 * hot &rarr; hotter &rarr; hottest; fast &rarr; faster &rarr; fastest; funny &rarr; funnier &rarr; funniest; sugary &rarr; sugarier &rarr; sugariest
 * Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:
 * good &rarr; better &rarr; best; far &rarr; farther &rarr; farthest, or far &rarr; further &rarr; furthest, depending on the meaning
 * The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with and.
 * rigid &rarr; more rigid &rarr; most rigid; enormous &rarr; more enormous &rarr; most enormous; burnt &rarr; more burnt &rarr; most burnt; freezing &rarr; more freezing &rarr; most freezing
 * If in doubt, use to form the comparative and  to form the superlative; for example,  may become  and, but  and  are also acceptable.
 * Words ending with -ng are pronounced by most dialects instead of . However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the  appears (in most dialects).
 * long &rarr; longer ; young  &rarr; youngest

Translations

 * American Sign Language: OpenA@SideChesthigh OpenA@SideNeckhigh
 * Armenian:
 * Basque:
 * Breton:
 * Burmese:
 * Czech: -ejší, -ější, -čí, -ší
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: -mpi
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:
 * Greek: -τερος
 * Ancient: -τερος, -ίων
 * Hungarian: -bb
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Khmer:
 * Lao:
 * Latin: -or, -ior
 * Lü:
 * Macedonian: по-
 * Old English: -ra
 * Old Norse: -ari
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romani: -eder, po, maj
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian: -и, -а , -е
 * Shan:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog:
 * Thai:
 * Tibetan:
 * Turkish:
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: -ach,
 * Zhuang:

Etymology 6
From, from , from ,.

Suffix

 * 1)  More;.

Translations

 * Czech: -eji, -ěji
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: -mpi
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Hungarian: -bb
 * Italian: più
 * Macedonian: по-
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,

Etymology 7
From, , , from , , from , , from or. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1)  Frequently;.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * Hungarian: -g
 * Portuguese:

Etymology 8
From, from , , the infinitive verbal ending.

Suffix

 * 1)   Instance of (the verbal action);.

Etymology 9
From,. Compare.

Suffix

 * 1)  Used to form diminutives.

Etymology 10
Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * Hungarian: -ci

Etymology 11
From, from , , from. Compare.

Suffix

 * 1)  A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action:

Etymology 12
From.

Suffix

 * 1)  Junior, child, younger person.

Usage notes

 * Especially in Mandarin Chinese literature that has been translated into English, the suffix is often left untranslated in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to the use of /  /  or  in English-language Japanese fiction.
 * Often, an apostrophe (used to mark syllable boundaries in pinyin) is inserted before the hyphen (as in Li'er), though it can also be omitted (Yinger).

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -er

Suffix

 * 1) person or thing that (does the action indicated by the root);.

Etymology
. Compare the borrowed doublet.

Usage notes

 * The equivalent suffix can be used to form feminine nouns with these meanings, but usually only the masculine or feminine form will be found in Catalan.

Usage notes

 * Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form.

Suffix

 * 1)  their
 * 2)  them

Usage notes
Senses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, from [ˈløːb̥ə] comes  [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) and  [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished by stød.

Etymology 1
From, , from , borrowed from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
From, , from.

Suffix

 * Een Amsterdammer
 * A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam
 * Het Groninger museum
 * The museum of Groningen
 * Het Groninger museum
 * The museum of Groningen
 * The museum of Groningen

Etymology 3
From, , from ,.

Etymology 4
From, from , from , from.

Usage notes

 * Mostly encountered vestigially, such as in fixed expressions; see for example the descendants at.

Etymology 1
Mainly from ; however, the descendants of some verbs also became -er verbs in French.

Usage notes

 * Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix.
 * In newly formed verbs, this suffix may be preceded by a euphonic consonant /t/ after a base ending in an oral vowel to avoid hiatus. In verbs formed from bases ending in nasal vowels, /n/ is inserted and the nasal vowel is denasalized:

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology 1
From, , from , from , from , further etymology unknown but possibly from.

Etymology 2
From, a plural ending for some neuter nouns.

Usage notes

 * The plural ending -er is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in ) and a small number of masculines.

Etymology 3
From, , from , from.

Etymology 4
Probably originated from the prepositioned genitive plural of etymology 3 above, e.g.: der Berliner Pfannkuchen = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in the nominative singular (due to the ambiguity of the definite article, which is both masculine nominative and plural genitive).

Usage notes

 * In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix -er are written with a capital letter (§ 61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2018), e.g. ein Berliner Pfannkuchen. In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g. ein berliner Pfannkuchen.
 * In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§ 49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g. Bad Schandau → Bad Schandauer or Bad-Schandauer.
 * Since adjectives in -er are undeclined, they cannot normally support genitives by themselves. However, in the feminine and plural the ending -er happens to be same as that of a declined (strong) adjective and according pseudo-genitives may be encountered, such as instead of more proper . Such usage has been discouraged, but is no longer considered an error.

Etymology 5
From.

Etymology
Possibly from, by analogy of word pairs like and  (whose doubled final consonant is consistently pronounced long in Hungarian, as opposed to English) and/or perhaps earlier borrowed word pairs like  and. Other existing slang terms ending in, like , might have played some role.

Suffix

 * 1)  Added to a shortened form of a noun, lengthening the first consonant following its first vowel, to derive a noun.

Etymology
From a, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  suffix used to form agent nouns from verbs

Etymology
From, , from ,.

Derived terms
See Category:Middle Dutch comparative adjectives.

Etymology 1
, from, from.

Etymology 2
, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology 1
From, , from.

Usage notes

 * Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology 1
From

Suffix

 * 1)  order, position, value or similar indicated by the numeral

Etymology 2
From, from , from and  words, both from , from.

Suffix

 * 1)  person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb
 * 2)  person or thing that originates in the place indicated by the place name

Etymology 3
From.

Suffix

 * 1) suffix added to most of indefinite plural nouns, usually identical to Danish, but unlike Nynorsk and Swedish

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns.
 * 2) Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns.
 * 3) Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs.
 * 4)  Used to form present tense for strong verbs.

Etymology 1
From.

Suffix

 * , verbal suffix

Usage notes

 * All varieties of Old French use -er but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such as c and g.

Etymology 2
From.

Suffix

 * , suffix indicating a profession

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From.

Etymology

 * compare 🇨🇬.

Declension
Animate:

Animal:

Inanimate:

Etymology
, from. The short of some Latin verbs was reinterpreted as either -er or.

Suffix

 * 1) forms the infinitive of the second-conjugation verbs

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -er

Etymology
From, from.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -er

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1) the infinitive suffix for many verbs

Suffix

 * 1) One of two suffixes for indefinite plural for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is -r
 * 2) Suffix for present tense, active voice, indicative mood for one of the groups of Swedish verbs
 * 3) Agent noun suffix, often for loan words ending with -ik.

Etymology 1
, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬. Negative are from, from  +  or  (🇨🇬 — , but  — ).

Suffix

 * 1) Simple present and aorist tense marker

Suffix

 * 1) as soon as

Usage notes
The suffix -r is used after verb stems ending in a vowel. Unlike most negations of tense suffixes which regularly uses the suffix, negative aorist suffix is instead of *-mer.
 * Can change to ( →, but  → ). There are some rules governing the usage of -er/ir, the former is used in case of monosyllabic stems, while the latter is used elsewhere; with the exceptions of 14 verbs below which uses -ir on the aorist

Suffix

 * 1) Makes adjectives out of verbs
 * 2) Makes nouns out of verbs

Etymology 3
, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  suffix for distributive numbers

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.