-es

Etymology 1
From, from. More at.

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:
 * 2) (t)ch, when pronounced as : glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)
 * 3) (j)j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
 * 4) (s)s: bus→buses, rendezvous→rendezvouses
 * 5) x: box→boxes
 * 6) (z)z: waltz→waltzes
 * 7) sh: ash→ashes
 * 8) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y:
 * lady→ladies, soliloquy→soliloquies (but key→keys)
 * 1) Used for form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o:
 * tomato→tomatoes (but soprano→sopranos)

Usage notes
Singular noun forms that whose spelling ends in a silent e form the regular plural with the ending -s. Alternatively, they could be analysed as dropping the silent e and adding the ending -es, particularly where the consonant is sibilant and there is an identical verb (which would drop the e before the ending -ing): "a dance"→"some dances" parallels "it dances"→"it is dancing" better under such analysis. This applies to nouns that end in ce and (d)ge.

Uniquely in American English, the nonstandard pronunciations of  and , where -es is pronounced like , is due to influence from plurals like  and , and perhaps even.

However, processes is also, unusually, pronounced in England and  in Canada.

Etymology 2
From, , from , , Northern variants of ,. Replaced Middle English, from ,. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:
 * 2) that end in (t)ch pronounced as : impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)
 * 3) that end in (s)s: miss→misses
 * 4) that end in x: tax→taxes
 * 5) that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes
 * 6) that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but piano→pianos)
 * 7) that end in sh: wish→wishes
 * 8) that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)

Etymology 3
See,.

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology
From, borrowed from Northern , from (as in ).

Suffix

 * 1) Creates the female form of persons or occupations, as English.

Suffix

 * 1) belonging to. (Ending for genitive correlatives.)

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1)  genitive ending

Suffix

 * 1)  flat,

Usage notes
The is omitted from the suffix when it is attached to a vowel letter (e.g.  +  &rarr;, not ).

Declension
Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).

Etymology 2
From, from , the root of. Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to, the attested ending has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.

Suffix

 * 1) long
 * : during

Etymology
From, , from ,.

Etymology
From, , from ,.

Etymology 1
From, ,.

Etymology 2
From

Etymology 3
From, further origins unknown. The preferred options are that it was either an internal innovation (from a reanalysis of the genitive in names ending with -ricus, ie. -rici, as naming suffix) or a borrowing from pre-Roman languages (given the various forms the suffix took in the Middle Ages). Compare 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1)  -son a suffix added to a given name to form a patronymic surname

Etymology
Inherited from.

Etymology 1
From, the accusative plural ending of most third declension nouns.

Etymology 2
From, , and , the second-person singular present active indicative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Etymology 3
From, the second-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Etymology 1
Variant of (etymology 2) with a reduction of the preceding.

Usage notes
Verms whose stems do not end in -s normally take the suffix for the passive voice. Until the middle decades of the 20th century (approximately), the norm in writing was to use with all  verbs, but this use is considered archaic today.

Etymology 2
Ultimately from.

Suffix

 * 1) -ese;

Etymology 1
From the, ultimately borrowed from (or perhaps cognate to) , whence also 🇨🇬. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form possessive pronouns from possessive determiners

Etymology
From, from , nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from , , from ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬.