-ese

Etymology
From, from , from and, less often,. Generally used in place of more common equivalent suffixes such as and  on the model of equivalent terms in  and, particularly for Italian, Portuguese African, and East Asian places first widely discussed in Portuguese and Latin.

Suffix

 * Viennese waltz (sausage, etc), Maltese falcon, Chinese, Togolese, Beninese, Congolese, Milanese, Parmese, Japanese, Faroese, Portuguese, Vietnamese
 * Viennese waltz (sausage, etc), Maltese falcon, Chinese, Togolese, Beninese, Congolese, Milanese, Parmese, Japanese, Faroese, Portuguese, Vietnamese

Usage notes
Generally speaking, nouns formed with the suffix -ese have no distinct plural form (two Viennese) and, with the definite article, are plural and refer to an entire group (the Ravennese). They are also generally not used in the singular, as in "I am a Chinese"; instead, phrases like "I am a Chinese person" are used. (In some British dialects, "a Chinese" can be used, but to refer to a Chinese meal, rather than a person.) This is not always the case, particularly for speakers from East Asia who use it to translate demonyms such as 日本人 and 中国人, but such countable uses may have nonstandard meanings.

Translations
''Note: these translations are a guide only. For more precise translations, see individual words ending in'' -ese.


 * Afrikaans: -ees
 * Arabic:
 * Catalan: ,
 * Valencian: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: ,
 * Dutch:
 * French: ,
 * Galician:, -esa
 * Georgian: -ური, -ული
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Interlingua: -ese
 * Italian: -ese
 * Latin: -ensis, -ita, -ites, -anus, -inus, -ius
 * Old Church Slavonic: -ьскъ
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: -ский, ,
 * Sanskrit: -ईय
 * Spanish:, -esa
 * Tok Pisin:
 * Ukrainian: -ський


 * Hungarian: ,
 * Interlingua: -ese

Usage notes
As in English, -ese is generally only used to form words on the model of Italian and Portuguese terms, with particular use in Italy, Portuguese Africa, and East Asia. Unlike English, the German terms only function as demonyms that can easily be discussed in the singular and many such terms are now obsolete, having been replaced by equivalents using.

Etymology
Borrowed from, , , /, all ultimately from.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ese
 * 2) ; -ese
 * 1) ; -ese
 * 1) ; -ese
 * 1) ; -ese
 * 1) ; -ese

Etymology
Inherited from, whence also Italian.

Suffix

 * 1)  (both senses); -er