-i

Etymology 1
From the nisba suffix  or from, both sharing a common  root. In English, productive from the 19th century.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Galician: -í
 * Hebrew: ־ִי
 * Hindi: -ई
 * Hungarian:
 * Spanish:

Etymology 2
From (nominative plural).

Usage notes

 * "Properly" or prescriptively speaking the ending is only applicable to words that were second-declension masculine nouns in Latin, such as the above examples. In practice it is often extended to cases like (where the Latin plural was not  but rather ) and  (which was a verb in Latin, not a noun).

Etymology 3
From (masculine plural), from  (see etymology 2).

Etymology 4
Variant of or.

Usage notes

 * Used together with the prefix to create feminine nouns. The stress will shift to the last syllable.
 * Used together with the prefix to create masculine nouns. The stress will not be on the last syllable.

Etymology
From the ending, from. cognate to 🇨🇬. Related to 🇨🇬.

Article

 * : the

Suffix

 * 1) added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
 * 2)  him, her, it

Usage notes

 * In Chuukese, transitive verbs in their base form already have the third person singular indirect object implied on them, although the suffix can be added for emphasis.

Etymology 1
Perhaps from deponent verbs such as. Perhaps from and  verbs ending in -ir.

Etymology 2
Common to e (pronounced [i]) in  and the  accusative pronouns.

Etymology
From.

Inflection
Or less commonly:

Etymology 1
From, from (specifically its fusion with the stem vowel). Originally allomorphic with (<, in which the *-i- caused labialization of the preceding *a).

Etymology 2
Conflated:
 * from (from )
 * from (from earlier, probably a combination of the aforementioned and ).

Etymology
From,. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
Sometimes additive after r stems.

Many verbs are intransitivized simply by changing the inflectional ending, without changing the stem; of those that do use an affix, it is not predictable which of -i,, and  are used. Also, verbs may use more than one of these, with similarly unpredictable results (e.g. vs., both from ). If a verb uses one of these affixes, the unaffixed intransitive form may be passive, reciprocal or reflexive w.r.t. the transitive form.

Etymology 1
Adjective-forming suffix.

Suffix

 * 1)   Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives:
 * 2)  names of places (toponyms)
 * 3)  names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms)
 * 4) certain common nouns
 * 5) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
 * 1) certain common nouns
 * 2) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
 * 1) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
 * 1) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)

Usage notes

 * Final and  (which only occur in non-Hungarian words) change to  and.
 * If the suffix were to follow word-final, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).
 * The other word-final short vowels remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * If the suffix were to follow word-final, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).
 * The other word-final short vowels remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The other word-final short vowels remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.


 * Names with a fleeting vowel: →, as well as names ending in , e.g.  →.
 * Names ending in (e.g. ) may be suffixed in three ways: The official way is retaining the full form, e.g. ; in the vernacular,  may be heard; and forms like  are increasingly rare.
 * Names ending in a possessive suffix such as, , , (outside elements of proper names: ), : Official usage increasingly prefers retaining the whole name (e.g.  from ), though in common parlance the word-final  and  tend to be dropped (e.g. ). The drawback of the latter is that the original form cannot be established (as  could theoretically derive from a non-existent ).
 * For non–proper noun elements with a possessive suffix, native speakers often have a hard time trying to add this suffix, e.g. whether the last element of and  should become  and  (losing the mark of the possessive) or  and  (having an ambiguous sense, primarily used for multiple possessions). As a rule of thumb, the former solution may be preferable.

Etymology 2
Possessive plural.

Suffix

 * 1)  his, her, its ……-s third-person singular; the pronoun being optional for emphasis
 * 2)  your ……-s second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.
 * 3)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun
 * 1)  your ……-s second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.
 * 2)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun
 * 1)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun
 * 1)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun

Etymology 3
Personal suffix.

Usage notes

 * See harmonic variants in the table below.

Etymology 4
Diminutive suffix.

Etymology 5
See.

Etymology
From, from , cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Borrowed from,. Also from, used with Latin and Italian borrowings.

Suffix

 * 1) -s;

Etymology 1
, from

Suffix

 * 1) al  for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from a.
 * 2)  al  for  in  of the object from an.
 * 3)  al  for  activity to the object from a.
 * 4) to apply or give [base] to the object.
 * 5) to remove [base] from the object.
 * : to act as/be [base] with reference to object
 * 1) to remove [base] from the object.
 * : to act as/be [base] with reference to object
 * : to act as/be [base] with reference to object

Usage notes

 * This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, does not derive into *belii, although other colloquial suffixes allow violation of the previous rule such as . Other examples include  (← *carii) and  (← *capaii).
 * When this suffix is combined with the prefixes, , , and , the imperative aspect is lost.

Etymology 2
From, from nisba suffix.

Etymology 2
From, nominative plural, or from , accusative plural, of masculine nouns in.

Etymology 3
There are two competing theories:
 * 1) Formed analogically by borrowing the  plural of Italian nouns in.
 * 2) Formed phonologically from the expected Latin nominative/accusative plural  according to the sound change -es > -ei > -i.

Etymology 4
Perhaps from the Latin genitive singular ending of masculine nouns in.

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) used for creation of agent nouns

Etymology 1
From, from la.

Etymology 2
. Compare 🇨🇬 (genitive singular ending). Displaced Proto-Italic -osjo (See .), which was descended from Proto-Indo-European -osyo. (See .)

Etymology 3
From the. Displaced except in the third declension.

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -er

Etymology
From.

Etymology 1
From, from.

Etymology 2
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) he, him, she, it, they, them

Etymology 1
.

Usage notes

 * This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, does not derive into *belii.

Etymology 2
nisba suffix.

Etymology 1
From.

Usage notes

 * Note that Romance adjectives in -i are treated differently and do not inflect.

Etymology 2
From. Though -i is not used as a plural ending in Arabic, it was integrated fairly easily as a large number of broken plurals happen to end in this vowel, compare →, etc.

Usage notes

 * Adjectives in change to -iċi:  →.

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form transitive verbs from intransitive verbs or nouns

Etymology
From, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Etymology 1
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
When attached to verbs in, the suffix becomes.

Etymology 2
From.

Usage notes
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel. Thus, the resulting word is essentially identical to the illative singular form. The noun declines as a contracted stem, with the inflectional stem lacking the -i.

Usage notes
When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix changes to the form (for even-syllable stems) or  (for odd-syllable stems).

Final

 * 1) be such a number, such an amount

Final

 * 1) occurs after initials to form animate intransitive verbs (vai)

Final

 * 1) occurs in inanimate intransitive verbs (vii)

Etymology 1
From, from.

Etymology 2
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
In Old High German, this suffix is neither frequent nor productive. Many weak verbs have action nouns with instead.

Declension
Female n-declension

Suffix

 * 1) him
 * 2) it object pronoun

Usage notes
This suffix is used only after third-person singular forms. After 1st person singular forms in -(e)a, 1st person plural forms in -mi, and 3rd person plural forms in -(a)it, the suffix is sometimes used.

Etymology 1
From, cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1)  -th.

Etymology 2
From, cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1) Feminine agreement suffix

Etymology
, from.

Related terms

 * (affirmative imperative for 2nd-conjugation verbs)
 * (affirmative imperative for 1st-conjugation verbs and negative imperative for 3rd-conjugation verbs)

Etymology 1
.

Usage notes

 * This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for masculine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases, regardless of singular form. The suffix may cause phonetic changes or vowel deletion (or both):

Etymology 2
, nominative masculine plural of.

Suffix

 * 1)   the

Usage notes
This form of the definite article is used for masculine plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases (as attached to the indefinite plural, which always ends in a vowel):

The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.

Etymology 3
, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Usage notes

 * Most verbs with infinitives in are marked by the once-inchoative infix  in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are  and.
 * A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in but do not use the infix, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verb , ,.
 * There is a variant form,, derived from the same Latin source.

Etymology 4
From.

Suffix

 * 1)  is

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From.

Usage notes
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel.

Usage notes
Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in do not take this suffix.

Suffix

 * 1) -y; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also.

Etymology 1
From, from.

Suffix

 * 1) Accusative suffix

Etymology 2
, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  Third-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession.

Etymology 3
, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  Suffix creating nouns from verbs

Etymology 4
, from

Etymology 5
, from.

Etymology 6
, from.

Etymology 1
From.

Suffix

 * 1) -er;

Usage notes
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.

Etymology 2
Adjectival/participal use of the agent noun suffix above.

Suffix

 * 1) -ing;

Usage notes
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.

Suffix

 * 1) A morpheme used to mark the accusative singular of a word (such as a noun or pronoun).

Etymology 1
From, from , plural ending of neuter s-stems like (whence 🇨🇬, plural  < *tegos, plural *tegesa). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
From, from.

Usage notes
This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant w (though for some such verbs, such as, the verbnoun is given by the stem without a suffix) or the vowel in the last syllable is o, oe, or sometimes a.

Suffix

 * , -ness, -ment

Usage notes
-i causes i-affection of internal vowels.

Usage notes
In the literary language, -i causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example,.

Etymology 1

 * unlike the other possessive suffixes found in the language, has no known cognates in any other Cariban language.

Usage notes
This suffix does not cause syllable reduction. When it attaches to a stem that ends in a vowel followed by, this suffix is unrealized (disappears).

The second sense can be readily distinguished from the first because it requires the distant-past third-person marker instead of ordinary person markers.

Etymology 3
Possibly of the same origin as the previous suffix.

Usage notes
When the patient/object of a verb with this suffix is third-person, or when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is second-person, it must also take the prefix (or one of its allomorphs) after the person marker. However, this prefix is not found when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is third-person.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
The suffix replaces the inherent in the verb stem.