-ism

Etymology
Ultimately from either, a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in (whence 🇨🇬); or from the related suffix , which more specifically expressed a finished act or thing done.

Many English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in, often via Latin and French, such as , a learned English formation from Latin attested from ca. 1500 and ultimately from. In, the suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus  (whence 16th c. ) in Tertullian, a trend continued in , with e.g.  attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin or proper names.

Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. ). Reflecting this productivity, use of as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as (1932) or  (1936) and productive since the 1970s.

Suffix

 * baptism (1300), aphorism (1528), criticism (1607), magnetism (1616)
 * Lutheranism (1560), Calvinism (1570), Protestantism (1606), Congregationalism (1716), Mohammedanism (1815),: Palamism (1949)
 * atheism (1587), ruffianism (1589), giantism (1639), fanaticism (1652), theism (1678), religionism (1706), patriotism (1716), heroism (1717), despotism (1728), old-maidism (1776), capitalism (1792), nationism (1798), romanticism (1803), conservatism (1832), sexualism (1842), vegetarianism (1848), externalism (1856), young-ladyism (1869), opportunism (1870), blackguardism (1875), jingoism (1878), feminism (1895), dwarfism (1895)
 * Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism

Translations

 * Afrikaans: -isme
 * Albanian: -im, -izëm
 * Arabic: ـِيَّة
 * Aragonese: -ismo
 * Armenian: իզմ
 * Asturian: -ismu
 * Azerbaijani: -izm
 * Basque:
 * Belarusian: -і́зм, -ы́зм
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian: -и́зъм
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: ,
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese: -isma
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: -იზმი
 * German:
 * Alemannic German: -ismus
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: ־יזם
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: -stefna; -ismi, -ismus
 * Indonesian:
 * Interlingua: -ismo
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Khmer: ,
 * Korean: ,
 * Ladino: -izmo
 * Lao:, ນິຍົມ
 * Latin: -ismus, -isma
 * Latvian: -isms
 * Lithuanian: -izmas
 * Macedonian: -и́зам
 * Malay:
 * Maltese: -iżmu
 * Norman: -isme
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: -isme
 * Occitan: -isme
 * Persian: ـیسم, ,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi: -ਵਾਦ
 * Romanian:
 * Cyrillic: -исм
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: -изам
 * Roman: -izam
 * Sicilian: -ìsima, -ìsimu,
 * Slovak: -izmus
 * Slovene: -izem
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Thai: ,
 * Tagalog: -ismo
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: -і́зм, -и́зм
 * Vietnamese: (主義)
 * Volapük:
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh: ,
 * Yiddish: ־יזם
 * Zazaki: -izm
 * Zhuang: cujyi


 * Corsican:
 * Icelandic:
 * Interlingua:
 * Latin:
 * Low German:
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Sardinian:
 * Sicilian: -ìsima, -ìsimu
 * Slovene:
 * Sundanese:
 * Tibetan:

Etymology
,, ultimately from.

Etymology
Borrowed from.