-lainen

Etymology 1
From ; synchronically analyzable as a toponymic element. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Attested since at least the Bible translation of 1548, which uses it in Mark 7.26 and Luke 4.27, among other places.

Pronunciation

 * Does not automatically cause secondary stress

Usage notes

 * Usually appended to the genitive or nominative singular stem.
 * Place names already ending in often do not duplicate the suffix, and their adjective forms may be formed with simply  (e.g.  →, not ˣ).

Declension
Noun:

Adjective:

Etymology 2
From compounds with (compare ). The origin as a separate word can still be seen in the imperfect accommodation to vowel harmony. The suffix has been reinforced and influenced by the somewhat similar sounding (e.g. dialectal  for ).

Pronunciation

 * automatically causes secondary stress, due to the fact that this suffix was originally a component in a compound

Usage notes
As this suffix is historically a compound, it is not subject to vowel harmony in the standard language; with the exception of the word, it always has back vowel harmony. In colloquial use it may have a front vowel variant, if not the speaker has not been explicitly taught to avoid that, which proves the rule moot.