-ly

Etymology 1
From, , , , from , from , from , from (whence ). In form, probably influenced by 🇨🇬 (Norwegian Bokmål -lig, Faroese -ligur, Icelandic -legur). Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. .

Synonyms

 * suggesting degree
 * suggesting degree
 * likeness or resemblance, , , /, , , ,
 * suggesting degree
 * suggesting degree
 * likeness or resemblance, , , /, , , ,

Derived terms






Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ;
 * Danish: -lig, -agtig
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Faroese: -ligur
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: ,
 * Georgian: -ური, -ული
 * German:, , ,
 * Hungarian: ////,, -ias/-ies
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido: -atra
 * Middle English: -ly
 * Old English: -līċ
 * Persian: مآبانه
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Russian: -ский, -ски
 * Serbo-Croatian: -ně
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:, , ,
 * Turkish:, , , , -cıl, -çıl, -cil, -çil
 * Urdu: -ی
 * Welsh:


 * Danish: -lig
 * Finnish: -ttainen
 * Hungarian:, -nkénti/-onkénti/-ankénti/-enkénti/-önkénti
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish:

Etymology 2
From, , , from.

Usage notes
In prescriptive usage, derived adverbs in -ly are often preferred to those which are identical in form to the base adjective (e.g., instead of ), despite the fact that the latter have been in continuous use since the earliest stages of the language and represent the norm in languages closely related to English, such as Dutch and German. This is the cause of hypercorrections such as I feel badly (where actually represents a copular verb, which traditionally requires an adjectival complement rather than an adverb).

Various sound changes and spelling changes occur for -ly:
 * If an adjective ends with a consonant followed by y, it changes into i before adding the suffix (e.g. >,  > ).
 * If an adjective ends with ll, one l drops out to avoid a triple letter (e.g. >,  > ).
 * If an adjective ends with a syllabic (spelled -le after a consonant), euphony causes the -le to drop out. Examples include  and, but also  > ,  > , and  > , among others.
 * Adjectives ending in -ic generally take ( >  being an exception).

Translations

 * Ainu: no
 * Aragonese: -mén
 * Armenian: -բար, -որեն
 * Asturian: -mente
 * Basque: -eki
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: -ě
 * Danish: -t
 * Dutch:, , , ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: -lt
 * Faroese: -liga
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: -ად, -დ, -ურად, -ულად
 * German: ; -erweise ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian: /, /, //
 * Icelandic: -lega
 * Ido: -e
 * Igbo:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Latin: -ē, -iter
 * Latvian: -i
 * Lithuanian: -i
 * Macedonian: -о
 * Middle English: -ly
 * Mongolian: -хан
 * Navajo: -go
 * Neapolitan: -mente
 * Norman: -ment
 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian Bokmål:
 * Norwegian Nynorsk:
 * Occitan:
 * Old English: -e, -līċe
 * Persian: ـانه; ـیها
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:, , по-...-ски , -ски
 * Sanskrit:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: bir şekilde,, , ,
 * Walloon:

Etymology 1
From. Related to.

Suffix

 * 1)  Used to form adjectives from nouns, the adjectives having the sense of "like or characteristic of what is denoted by the noun".
 * 2) Appended to adjectives in order to render meaning of the adjective either more intense or more approximate.
 * E.g., ; ,

Usage notes

 * -ly is generally the most common variant of this suffix, though in some words, other variants may be more common, such as -lich(e).

Etymology 2
From, itself a combination of the adjective-forming suffix (see etymology 1 above) and the adverbial suffix.

Suffix

 * 1)  Used to form adverbs from adjectives, and nouns; the adverbs having the sense of "in the manner of what is denoted by the adjective/noun".
 * 2) Optionally appended to adverbs without suffixes with no change to the meaning.

Usage notes

 * As with its adjectival equivalent, -ly is generally the most common variant of this suffix, though in some words, other variants may be more common, such as -lich(e).