-o

Etymology 1
Perhaps from a special use of the interjection, ; and/or perhaps from , from , , variant of , , ,. See and.

Usage notes
-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with and. It is often appended to clipped or elided forms of longer words, as with and. Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or pronunciation, as with and. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with, or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with. Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with and. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as for  and  for ) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.

Its meaning is very similar to some uses of and its use is particularly common where use of  might cause misunderstanding, as with  and,  and ,  and.

Etymology 2
From many or  words that end in. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.

Suffix

 * 1)   Can be used with 🇨🇬 for expressions such as el stinko.

Etymology 3
.

Etymology

 * From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian ; perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages
 * Perhaps from the above (Italian, Russian )
 * Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.

Suffix

 * 1) Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in, and with some writers some feminine names end in .)
 * 2) -thing. (correlative object ending.)
 * 1) -thing. (correlative object ending.)
 * 1) -thing. (correlative object ending.)
 * 1) -thing. (correlative object ending.)

Etymology
Conflated:
 * from (forms action/result nouns), from  (as applied to stems ending in -a).
 * from (variant/diminutive), from  (diminutive ending); the -o- is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in -a which was labialized by -j.

Suffix

 * ability to see
 * ability to see
 * ability to see
 * ability to see

Usage notes

 * Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose citation form ends with -aa or -ää. In stems with e or i, the suffix has its back vowel form, -o.

Etymology
Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as, < ,. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from.

Etymology
From, from languages.

Etymology 1
, from.

Etymology 3
From.

Etymology 1
From (with nominative ō made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes, , , , , , , but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in -ō are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + -ō show -in- rather than -ōn- in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.

Synonyms

 * -a¹, ,

Etymology 2
From, an ablative suffix, derived from.

Etymology 3
From, from the following sources:
 * Denominative verbs with, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., , , , ).
 * Verbs from roots in (e.g. ).
 * Verbs from roots in (e.g., , , , ).
 * Verbs from roots in (e.g., , ).
 * In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on + stative suffix, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb : *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > ''*staēō > ).

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as vs. (in and ) or   vs. . Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.

Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include 🇨🇬 (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), 🇨🇬, (for the causative in Sanskrit), 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 (whence the infinite 🇨🇬, referring again to the whole conjugation).

Alternative forms

 * (in *staēō)

Descendants

 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:

Etymology 4
From Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:
 * 1) Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g.,  < ;  < ).
 * 2) Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g.,  < ;  < ;  < ;  < ).

Etymology 5
Dative from, from , from. Ablative from.

Etymology 6
. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, and 🇨🇬, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

Etymology 1
From ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. From the thematic masculine ablative ending, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare 🇨🇬, presumably from 🇨🇬; compare 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) -ly used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner

Suffix

 * 1) Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to yon or that (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)

Usage notes
This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

Suffix

 * 1) Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
 * 2)  Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
 * 3)  Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense

Etymology 1
From, from.

Etymology 2
From, from.

Etymology
.

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬, in, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, in. In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in (from ).

Declension
Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like, ,.

Descendants


In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by (whence German ), as in Middle High German  instead of Old High German. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬, in, 🇨🇬, in.

Etymology
.

Etymology 1
, from.

Etymology 2
, from, ,. Compare 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.

Related terms

 * (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)

Etymology 1
, accusative of.

Etymology 2
.

Suffix

 * 1) suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

Etymology 1
,, from.

Etymology 2

 * Possibly from, a masculine ending for nouns, cf. ,.

Pronunciation

 * When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.
 * When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

Suffix

 * 1) adverb ending
 * 2) -wise in the matter of; with regard to

Etymology 3
From, from.

Usage notes
This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant i (though for some such verbs, such as, the verbnoun is given by dropping the i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is i, u, eu, or wy.