-st

Etymology 1
From ; see.

Suffix

 * 1)  Verb suffix for the second-person singular;

Etymology 2
From the written form of ; see further etymology there.

Translations

 * German: -st- (e.g. = )
 * Japanese:
 * Polish:
 * Swedish:

Etymology 3
of suffixes, with -s sometimes.

Usage notes
When there is a shorter synonymous word (as in /), the form with -st is generally considered more formal, old-fashioned or affected in American English; whereas both are usually interchangeable in British English.

However, is distinct in  meaning from, and  is used in some contexts distinctly from.

Etymology 1
The suffix -st consists of two parts: a suffix -t and an inserted -s-. The -s- is the result of a wrong segmentation of and suffix of a noun in cases where the stem of the noun ended with -s-. For example: a word like Dutch could be interpreted as vors+t or as vor+st. This suffix existed already in Gothic (, from ).

Suffix

 * 1) appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun; it is similar in function to the Dutch suffix -ing

Suffix

 * 1) appended to an adjective this suffix forms the superlative

Etymology
, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun (whence 🇨🇬).

Suffix

 * 1) turns verbs into middle voice verbs

Etymology 1
From, from older through rebracketing in inverted forms like. Further from a merger of various conjugation suffixes, from, from.

Usage notes

 * In the present tense, the suffix becomes after : . After  the spelling  is standard only in Austria and South Tyrol, but the according pronunciation is common in most regions:.
 * The suffix becomes after : . However, strong verbs with a vowel change have : . In obsolete usage the form  was employed more freely also after other sounds.
 * In the strong past tense, is used after sibilants: . However, when the preceding vowel is long the form  is possible alternatively: . After  the forms  and  are used in free variation:.

Etymology 2
From, from a merger of and , from  and.

Usage notes

 * Attributive superlatives are declined like other adjectives. Predicative and adverbial superlatives generally take the particle before them and are accordingly declined in the neuter dative singular. Some adjectives/adverbs also have basic forms in, but these are generally lexicalised.
 * The suffix becomes after sibilants  and after  when the adjective has final stress:  (though  may be heard colloquially and the same is standard in ). When the last vowel is  or unstressed  the short form is used: . After other unstressed vowels both ways are possible:.
 * The forms and  are also both possible after stressed final vowels and after consonant clusters (except those involving -r-). Thus:, . The formal language prefers the long forms while the vernacular prefer the short ones.

Etymology
From in the Old Hungarian period. The adverbial sense of the locative suffix can be shown only in this  morpheme.

Usage notes

 * Variants:
 * It is no longer productive and can be found only in a few adverbs:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.
 * It is no longer productive and can be found only in a few adverbs:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.
 * It is no longer productive and can be found only in a few adverbs:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.
 * It is no longer productive and can be found only in a few adverbs:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.

Etymology
From, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun (whence 🇨🇬).

Suffix

 * 1) turns verbs into middle voice verbs

Etymology 1

 * Possibly identical to the elative marker (see below), exhibiting an archaic function of the elative, found also in archaic or dialectal 🇨🇬.
 * Alternatively, from, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.
 * Alternatively, from, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ly

Usage notes

 * In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Etymology 2
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; out of

Usage notes

 * In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Etymology
From, from , , from ,.

The expected form would be as still in  and. The form is native in the northern third of Luxembourg and spread southwards, probably in part because the suffix is used in positions where  otherwise does not occur, and in part under the reinforcing influence of standard.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -est

Etymology
From, , from ,.

Derived terms
See Category:Middle Dutch adjective superlative forms.