-ula

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, whence no longer productive 🇨🇬 (as in and ), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; small-.

Derived terms

 * See -ula at Wikispecies.

Etymology
..

Usage notes

 * The suffix is not very productive in English and most common in words directly borrowed from Latin.

Usage notes

 * The suffix is productive. See, for instance,.

Etymology 1
Probably from, suffix forming instrumental nouns, with simplification of the suffix-initial stop when it came after another stop. However, the details of the development are debated.

The words and  are notable in showing a lengthened vowel relative to the base verbs  and. Sihler (1979) reconstructs *-dʰl- in and ; in contrast, Nielsen (1998) reconstructs *-tl-, suggesting that the lengthened vowels are the result of Lachmann's Law before a sequence of originally voiced + voiceless stop (as in the participles  and ). As this would be expected to result in forms with voiceless stops (* and *), Nielsen proposes that either the voiced stop /g/ was reintroduced by analogy, or a phonetic change caused /k/ to be voiced when preceded by a long vowel and followed by /l/ across a morpheme boundary (*rēk-la, *tēk-la > *rēg-la, *tēg-la); this is supported by two additional proposed etymologies, *strāto-lo- > *strāk-lo- > *strāg-lo- > and *trājak-kla > *trāk-la > *trāg-la >. (Voicing of a stop before /l/ in a heterosyllabic cluster might also be seen in, and is argued by Sen 2015 to have occurred in ; in contrast, a voiceless stop can be found after a morpheme boundary in instrument nouns in such as ).

Alternatively, related to the suffix used to form some deverbal agent nouns such as,.

Compare instrument nouns in.

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.