-um

Etymology 1
From the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous neuter second declension nouns.

Suffix

 * 1)  Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum).
 * 1)  Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum).

Usage notes

 * The vast majority of words which feature this suffix also have standard -ums plurals formed by suffixation with the plural suffix. However, in such situations, the  suffix morphologically is additional to and separate from the  suffix.

Derived terms

 * (cf. German Irrtum)
 * (between war(s))
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (cf. German Irrtum)
 * (between war(s))
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (between war(s))
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (between war(s))
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (after war)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (any shiny mineral)
 * (any shiny mineral)

Translations

 * Dutch:
 * French:
 * German: -um
 * Greek: ,
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: ウム
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

Etymology 2
Possibly from.

Suffix

 * 1) Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not.

Etymology
From,.

Usage notes
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is u, then the suffix is -um. Otherwise, use or.

Etymology
From, an extended form of.

Suffix

 * 1) Denotes singular grammatical number of words of Latin origins.

Usage notes

 * Both the plural forms of -a and -ums are used in everyday language, but the latter is sometimes proscribed against.

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
As a variant of through reduction to  and subsequent backing. Compare. This is the only origin in most areas, but along the North Sea coast, where the suffix is most frequent, it sometimes goes back to, equivalent to as in. Distinguishing both origins is often impossible, however.

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) A distinguishable foreign word-ending in nouns of Latin origin. It is not considered an independent Hungarian suffix.

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form the dative plural of most nouns, all strong adjectives and most pronouns.
 * 2) * hestur → hestum — a horse → of the horses
 * 3) * ríkur → ríkum — rich → of the rich
 * 4) Used to form the first person plural of verbs in the indicative and subjunctive, past and present.
 * 5) * telja (infinitive) → við teljum (we count or believe) (indicative)
 * 6) * við teldum subjunctive past tense, i.e., we would believe
 * 7) Used to form some adverbs from nouns or adjectives — it is actually a frozen dative
 * 8) * stund (time, hour) → stundum — sometimes
 * 9) * langur (long) → löngum (oftentimes).

Etymology 1
From, from.

Alternative forms

 * (conditioned variant used after  -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)

Etymology 2
From, from.

Alternative forms

 * (conditioned variant used after  -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)
 * , ;, (variant spellings previously used in specific contexts in New Latin and modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works. See usage notes.)

Usage notes
Latin genitive plural forms take the ending -um either by itself, or with additional preceding material (generally determined by the word's conjugation class). First and second declension nouns and adjectives usually have genitive plural forms ending in -ārum and -ōrum, but some words can take the short ending -um (without preceding -ār-/-ōr-) instead: this is common with words denoting weights, measures and monetary value and with distributive numerals.


 * In the second declension, the genitive plural in -um can be found:
 * in distributive numerals: e.g.
 * in names of weights and measures:, , , , ,
 * in and  (the latter having the archaic genitive plural form divom, spelled with O due to the preceding V)
 * in various other words, especially in poetry
 * In the first declension, the genitive plural in -um can be found:
 * in the Greek-derived measure words and  (less frequently than drachmārum)
 * in dactylic verse, in compounds of -cola and -gena
 * in dactylic verse, in some masculine Greek proper nouns, such as patronymics

In New Latin texts (i.e. from the Renaissance onwards), the genitive plural suffix -um was formerly often spelled with an accent as -ûm (or -ôm after V/U) when it appears instead of -ārum or -ōrum in words of the first or second declension such as amphorûm and deûm.

This circumflexed spelling -ûm was motivated at least in part by reinterpretation of the ending as a contraction of -ōrum/-ārum. Because contraction generally produces a long vowel in Latin, this reanalysis resulted in an incorrect assumption that the vowel in the final syllable of genitive plural amphorum and deum was long by nature, and so distinguished in length from the naturally short vowel in the final syllable of the accusative singular form deum. Thus, the contraction hypothesis enabled second-declension genitive plural forms and accusative singular forms that would otherwise be spelled the same to be differentiated in a way that was imagined to correspond to a distinction in the natural length of the vowel. Compare the use of the circumflex in New Latin to distinguish the ablative ending -â (with long ā) from the nominative/vocative ending -a (with short ă) in first declension singular nouns, or to mark third-person plural perfect forms ending in -ēre, which was interpreted as a "contracted" form of the alternative ending -ērunt (e.g. fuêre, taken to be a contraction of fuerent ).

The contraction hypothesis also caused these genitive forms to be spelled with -ūm (or -ōm after V/U) in some older works by modern scholars that use macrons to mark long vowels, such as Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary. However, the hypothesis of contraction and the corresponding assumption of a difference in vowel length is outdated: according to modern etymological understanding, all Latin words ending in -um, regardless of their case, number or declension, were pronounced in Classical Latin with a short vowel in the final syllable.

Third declension words that have genitive plurals ending in -um as an alternative to -ium have also been spelled with -ûm, again with the justification that the shorter ending is interpreted as being a contraction of the longer variant. Examples are coelestûm and caedûm used as spellings of the short genitive plurals of and  (compared to the long forms  and ).

Aside from the contraction hypothesis, the use of the circumflexed spelling -ûm may additionally have been influenced by the use of the circumflex in the spelling of Greek genitive plural forms ending in -ῶν.

Suffix

 * 1) me

Suffix

 * 1) * armr → ǫrmum
 * 1) * armr → ǫrmum

Suffix

 * 1) First person singular suffix

Etymology
From,.

Usage notes
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is u, then the suffix is -um. Otherwise, use or.

Etymology
..

Etymology 1
From, from , dative plural ending used to form adverbials.

Suffix

 * 1)  Used to form adverbs.

Etymology 2
Probably of jocular formation, based partly on Latin and partly an altered form of, a verbal noun ending.

Usage notes

 * The plural is usually either -um or rarely,, e.g. or . In some words it may also be , i.e. , cf.  which regularly has a plural on , although sometimes also  in colloquial language. The Latin plural ending  is nowadays.

Suffix

 * 1) First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.
 * okul - okulum
 * school - my school
 * yol - yolum
 * way - my way
 * 1) Conjugation of the verb "to be" for first person singular simple present tense.
 * masum - masumum
 * innocent - I am innocent

Usage notes

 * If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes "-m" (for the possessive suffix)
 * soru - sorum
 * It's used only when the word's last vowel is "o" or "u". It may change into "-im", "-ım" and "-üm" according to the last vowel of the word. (possessive suffix)
 * ev - evim (the last vowel is "e" or "i")
 * kız - kızım (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")
 * yüz - yüzüm (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")
 * If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
 * grup - grubum
 * burç - burcum
 * periyot - periyodum
 * çocuk - çocuğum
 * It may cause the last vowel of the word to be dropped.
 * burun - burnum
 * If the word ends in a vowel, an auxiliary consonant is used ; "y". (for the verb to be)
 * mutlu - mutluyum
 * It must be used with an apostrophe while using with a proper noun.
 * Umut - Umut'um