-us

Etymology
.

Etymology
The Esperanto suffixes, , , and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
 * This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to.

Etymology
A merger of (in the first sense) and  (in the second sense). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * armastama "to love" → armastus "love"
 * võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"
 * joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"
 * aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
 * pikk "long" → pikkus "length"
 * aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
 * pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

Etymology 1
From, generalized from -derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. → ,  → ). Compare.

Usage notes

 * With (momentane) verbs, the final  may disappear entirely (through  >  (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > ). This has led to  (/) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with  and one with, exist in parallel.

Etymology 2
From. Probably generalized from -derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. →,  → ), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g.  → dial. kesku- → ), and thus identical to etymology 1. In some cases potentially by confusion with, (etymology 3). Alternatively from.

Etymology 3
See the etymology of.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes

 * It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in . Other examples: . The  diminutive suffix can also be appended after to further increase the degree of endearment:.

Etymology 1
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Etymology 1
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
Generally from, as in from. Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in ), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as, , instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

Etymology 3
Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from, from , from as the final part of.

Etymology 1
Ultimately from. Pairs such as :  find parallels in 🇨🇬 :, 🇨🇬 :  and suggest that  stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and otherwise.

Suffix
stress pattern 4



Etymology 2
From, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

Etymology 3
From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending ). From ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. From, also reflected in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Etymology 4
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬. See also.

Suffix

 * → past frequentative →
 * → past frequentative →
 * → past frequentative →

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ion

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) -ous, full of, prone to;

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

Inflection
For even-syllable stems:

For odd-syllable stems:

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) -ous, used for forming adjectives

Etymology 1
From.

Suffix

 * 1) her object pronoun, it
 * 2) them

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.