-uus

Etymology
From. The declension has been massively reworked by analogy.


 * The oblique plural forms originally declined like those of the type, but were replaced by plurals in -ks- from the type 39  declension, formed on the analogy of the suffix.
 * Words that had acquired a nominal sense early on have crossed over entirely to type 39 : e.g., originally a semantic extension from > ; , originally a semantic extension from *vanhus >.
 * The long vowel appearing after consonants originates from a contraction *-ude- > *-ue- > -uu- in the genitive singular and nominative plural of bisyllabic stems, in which the third-syllable unstressed e was assimilated. This was generalized to other case forms of such words as well.
 * In trisyllabic stems such as →,  → , the suffix would in all inflected forms gain secondary stress, preventing the loss of *-d-. From here *-d- was then reintroduced in the gen. sg. and nom. pl. of bisyllabic stems.
 * Root-final consonants in trisyllabic stems were by contrast often lost (e.g. >,  > ), leading to the regular retention of short -u- especially after vowels.
 * The rare exceptions to this such as →  have however also acquired the long-vowel allomorph.

Usage notes
As a main rule, the suffix is added to the stem of the adjective, replacing any final vowel:

The stem usually remains in the strong grade, but some exceptions remain as evidence of the original short vowel. In particular, all derivatives based on comparatives show the weak grade, e.g. →  >, rather than.

As noted above, the suffix additionally appears shortened to whenever it is preceded by a second vowel. Note that this includes contracted long vowels, as in >  →. Derivatives from adjectives ending in may in some cases show an unexpected alternation to, as in the above-seen  in place of expected.

Some exceptions to this overall scheme occur, e.g. →, in place of expected. Very rarely, both allomorphs may even occur in parallel, e.g. →, yet.

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ness

Usage notes

 * The suffix is always appended to the oblique stem.
 * When following a short stressed syllable, the long form -uus is used. In all other cases, the alternative form -us is used instead:
 * Note that since the suffix always carries secondary stress, the derivatives in -uus also always contain a long vowel:
 * Note that since the suffix always carries secondary stress, the derivatives in -uus also always contain a long vowel:
 * Note that since the suffix always carries secondary stress, the derivatives in -uus also always contain a long vowel:

Etymology
, from ‚ from the perfect active participle suffix.

Usage notes

 * Originally forming the perfect active participle, as in, ,.
 * The form ' is used after vowels, l, and r, and -uus after all other other consonants, with the exception of qu. In this last case, the form ' is used.