Appendix:Affixes in Formosan languages

The following lists describe affixes in various Formosan languages.

Budai dialect
The list of Budai Rukai affixes below is sourced from Chen (2006:199-203).

Prefixes
 * a- 'become'
 * ana- 'if'
 * api- 'like', 'want'
 * i- 'at', 'in'
 * ki- 'to gather', 'to collect'
 * ki- 'Dative Focus'
 * ki- 'to dig
 * ku- 'to remove'
 * ku- 'Free Pronoun marker'
 * ku- 'Past marker'
 * la- 'Plural'
 * lu- 'Future'
 * ma- 'Stative Verb'
 * ma- 'reciprocal'
 * ma- 'dual (two people)'
 * mu- 'to remove'
 * mu- 'self-motion'
 * muasaka- 'ordinal'
 * nai- 'have done'
 * ŋi- 'to move in certain direction'
 * ŋi- '-self'
 * ŋu- 'to ride'
 * pa- 'causative'
 * paŋu- 'by'
 * sa- 'body parts'
 * sa- 'when'
 * si- 'verbal prefix'
 * si- 'to wear'
 * sini- 'from'
 * su- 'to clean'
 * su- 'belong'
 * ta- 'to feel'
 * taru- 'certain'
 * tu- 'to mark'
 * tua- 'to wash'
 * θi- 'to release'
 * u-/w- 'Agent Focus'

Suffixes
 * -a 'imperative'
 * -a 'Accusative Case'
 * -ana 'still', 'yet'
 * -anə 'nominalize'
 * -ŋa 'completive'
 * -ŋa 'close to'

Infixes
 * -a- 'past tense; non-futur'
 * -a- 'realis'
 * -in- 'Goal subject', 'Past time'

Circumfixes
 * a- ... -anə 'future state'
 * a- ... -anə 'nominalizer'
 * ka- ... -anə 'real or genuine'
 * kala- ... -anə 'season'
 * sa- ... -anə 'instrument'
 * sanu- ... -anə 'left-over'
 * sanu- ... -lə 'frequency'
 * ta- ... -anə 'time', 'location'

Compound (Multiple) Affixes
 * la-ma- 'plural marker'
 * ɭi-tara- 'have to', must'
 * sa-ka- 'household'
 * sa-ka-u- ... -anə ; the whole'
 * sa-ka-si- ... l-anə the…generatio
 * ta-ra- for a period of tim
 * ta-ra- be good at
 * t-in-u- ... -anə personal relation

Mantauran dialect
The following list of Mantauran Rukai affixes is sourced from Zeitoun (2007).


 * a- 'when'
 * a- (action/state nominalization)
 * a- 'plural'
 * -a 'beyond (in time or space)'
 * -a 'irrealis'
 * -a 'imperative'
 * -ae (state nominalization)
 * a- ... -ae; allomorph: ... -ae (objective nominalization; negative imperative)
 * amo- 'will'
 * -ane (meaning unknown; used on verbs to insult someone)
 * -a-nga 'imperative' (mild requests)
 * apaa- 'reciprocal causative' (dynamic verbs)
 * apano- 'like to, prone to, have a tendency to'
 * apa'a 'reciprocal causative' (stative verbs)
 * apa'ohi- 'split (causative form)'
 * -ci 'snivel'
 * dh- 'invisible'
 * i- 'at'
 * -i 'irrealis'
 * -i- ... -e (marking of the oblique case on personal and impersonal pronouns)
 * -ka 'predicative negation'
 * ka- 'in fact, indeed, actually'
 * ka- ... -ae 'genuine, real, original'
 * kala- ... -ae 'temporal nominalization'
 * kapa ~ kama- 'continuously'
 * kapa ... -nga 'all, every'
 * ki- 'modal negation'
 * ki- ... -ae 'whose'
 * k-a- ... -ae 'more and more'
 * la- 'plural'
 * la-ma'a- 'reciprocal'
 * -lo 'plural' (demonstrative pronouns)
 * m- (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with k-, p-, or Ø in its non-finite form)
 * ma- (stative (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with ka- in its non-finite form)
 * ma- ... -le (forms 'tens')
 * ma-Ca- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with pa-Ca; Ca refers to the reduplication of the first consonant)
 * maa- 'reciprocity' (dynamic (finite and subjunctive) verbs; alternates with paa)
 * maa- ... -e (~ paa- ... -e; maa- (dual reciprocal) + -e (meaning unknown))
 * maaraka- 'each/both'
 * maatali- ... -le/-lo '(a number of) floors'
 * maka- 'finish'
 * maka- ... -le/-lo (~ paka- ... -le/-lo) 'up to N-/for N- days/months/years'
 * maka'an- (attaches only to aleve 'below' and lrahalre 'above')
 * makini- ... -(a)e (~ pakini- ... -(a)e) 'all'
 * mali- (~ pali) 'along'
 * ma'ohi (~ pa'ohi) 'split'
 * m-o- (~ o-) 'holds X's ritual (where X = household name)' (attaches to household names to form dynamic verbs)
 * m-o- (~ o-) 'toward'
 * mo- 'anti-causative'
 * m-ore (~ ore-) 'perform'
 * mota'a- (~ ota'a-) 'raise'
 * n- 'visible'
 * -na 'still'
 * naa- 'continuously'
 * -nae 'place where'
 * -nae 'time when'
 * -nga 'already'
 * -nga 'superlative'
 * ni- 'counterfactuality (irrealis)'
 * ni- ... -a 'concessive'
 * o- 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
 * o- ... -e 'dress well' (derives verbs from nouns)
 * o-ara- 'only' (attached to verbs)
 * o-ka'a- ... -le/-lo (~ ko'a- ... -le/-lo) 'a number of )recipients'
 * om- (~ m- / ~ Ø) 'dynamic / finite / realis / active'
 * o-tali (~ tali- / ~ toli) 'wrap up, pack up'
 * o-tali (~ tali-) 'made of'
 * o-tara- (~ tara-) 'a number of months / years'
 * taro- (doublet form: tao-) 'group of persons in movement'
 * o-ta'i- (~ ta'i-) 'precede'
 * o-'ara- (~ 'ara-) 'early'
 * pa- 'causative'
 * pa- 'every N-times'
 * paori 'stick to, think about'
 * pa'a- ... -ae '(what is) left'
 * pe- 'forbiddance (?)'
 * pi- 'local causative'
 * po- 'causative of movement'
 * po- 'bear, grow N' (attaches to nouns)
 * saka- 'external'
 * samori- 'keep on ... -ing' (attaches only to the root kane 'to eat')
 * sa'api- 'prone to, inclined to'
 * so- 'tribute'
 * ta- (subjective nominalization)
 * ta- 'inalienability' (kinship and color terms)
 * ta- ... -(a)e 'place where'
 * ta- ... -ae 'time when'
 * ta- ... -n-ae (forms derived locative nominal)
 * taka- 'a number of persons'
 * tako- 'while'
 * tala- 'container' (?; found only with the root ove'eke)
 * tali- 'belong to'
 * ta'a- 'with (a group of persons)'
 * ta'a- ... -le/-lo 'measure with an extended arm' (bound numerals)
 * to- 'do, make, produce, build'
 * toka- ... -(a)e 'use ... for, by ... -ing'
 * to'a- 'use ... to, for'
 * 'a- 'instrument/manner nominalizer'
 * 'a- ... -e 'have a lot of'
 * 'aa- 'turn into'
 * 'aka- 'Nth' (ordinal prefix 'a- + stative marker ka- (non-finite form))
 * 'ako- (doublet form: 'ako- ... -ae) 'speak (out)'
 * 'ako- 'barely, a little'
 * 'ako- ... -le 'say a number of times'
 * 'ako- ... -nga 'more'
 * 'ali- 'from (in time or space)' (<  'aliki '(come) from')
 * 'ano- 'walk, ride, take'
 * 'ano- 'unknown meaning' (only attaches to stative roots)
 * 'ano-Ca- 'along/with a number of persons (in movement)' (attaches to bound numeral forms and certain other roots)
 * 'ano- ... -ae 'entirely, completely, cease, alleviate'
 * 'ao- ... -le/-lo 'the Nth time' (ordinal prefix 'a- + 'o- ... -le/-lo 'a number of times')
 * 'apaka- ... -le/-lo 'the Nth day' (ordinal prefix 'a- + paka- ... -le/-lo 'up to/for a number of days / months / years)
 * 'api- 'like ... -ing'
 * 'a-po- 'as a result of'
 * 'apo- 'come out'
 * 'asa- ... -ae 'what's the use of'
 * 'asi- (meaning unknown; found only once in the word 'work')
 * 'i- 'passive'
 * 'i- 'verbalizer' (from nouns; polysemous prefix). Semantic core of 'i-N is 'get, obtain-N', although it can also be glossed as 'get, harvest, gather, look after, bear, have for, kill, etc.'
 * 'i- 'put on, wear' (derives verbs from nouns)
 * 'ia- ... ae 'because of, out of'
 * 'ini- 'movement toward'
 * 'ini- 'cross'
 * 'ini- 'consume'
 * 'ini-Ca- '(one)self' (reflexive)
 * 'ini- ... -ae 'pretend'
 * 'ini- ... (-ae) 'behave like, look like' (derived from  'inilrao 'resemble')
 * 'ira- 'for' (derived from  'iraki '(do) for')
 * 'o- 'take off'
 * 'o- ... -le/-lo 'a number of times' (attaches to bound numerals)
 * 'o- ... -le/-lo 'measure' (must be followed by certain words to indicate a measure with the hand, foot, ruler, etc.)
 * 'o-tali 'unpack'

The following list of Budai Rukai affixes is sourced from the Comparative Austronesian Dictionary (1995).


 * Nominal affixes
 * ka- ... -anə + N 'something real or genuine
 * ko- + Pronoun 'nominative'
 * moasaka- + N (numeral) 'ordinal'
 * sa- ... anə + V 'instrument, tool'
 * sa- + N 'some body parts'
 * ta- ... -anə + N 'location, time'
 * ta-ra + N 'agentive, a person specialised in...'


 * Verbal affixes
 * -a- + V 'realis'
 * -a + V 'imperative'
 * ki- + N 'to gather, to collect, to harvest'
 * ki- + V 'dative-focus, involuntary action'
 * ko- + N 'to remove, to peel'
 * ko- + V 'intransitive, patient-focus'
 * ma- + V 'mutual, reciprocal'
 * maa- + V 'stative'
 * mo- + N 'to discharge, remove'
 * mo- + V '(to go) self-motion, non-causative'
 * ŋi- + V 'to act or to move in a certain direction or manner'
 * ŋo- + N 'to ride'
 * pa- + V 'causative'
 * si- + V (bound stem) 'verbal prefix'
 * si- + N 'to wear, to carry, to possess'
 * so- + N 'to spit, to clean, to give out'
 * to- + N 'to make, produce, bring forth'
 * θi + N 'to release'
 * w- + V 'agent-focus, verbal prefix'

Atayal
The following list of Mayrinax Atayal affixes is sourced from the Comparative Austronesian Dictionary (1995).


 * Note: Some affixes are unglossed.


 * Verbal prefixes
 * ma- 'stative'
 * ma- 'active'
 * man-
 * mana-
 * maɣ-
 * ma-ša- 'reciprocal, mutual'
 * ma-ši 'natural release or movement'
 * pana-
 * ma-ti-
 * ʔi-
 * pa- 'causative'
 * ši- 'benefactive'
 * ga- 'verbalizer'
 * kan- + RED + N (body parts) 'body movement'
 * ma-ka- 'mutual, reciprocal'
 * maki- 'active verb'
 * mat- 'to turn'
 * mi-
 * paš-
 * ta- ... -an 'location'
 * tiɣi- 'to release gas'
 * tu- 'for some to...'


 * Verbal infixes
 * -um- 'agent focus'
 * -in- 'completive'


 * Verbal suffixes
 * -an 'locative focus'
 * -un 'object focus'
 * -i 'imperative'
 * -aw 'future or mild request'
 * -ani 'polite request'


 * Nominal affixes
 * -in- 'nominalizer'
 * -in- ... -an 'nominalizer to indicate a completed action'


 * Male affixes (i.e., male forms of speech in Mayrinax Atayal) include (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary): -niḳ, -iḳ, -ʔiŋ, -hiŋ, -iŋ, -tiŋ, -riʔ, -ḳiʔ, -niʔ, -nux, -ux, -hu, -u, -al, -liʔ, -kaʔ, -ha, -il, -in-, -il-, -i-, -a-, -na-.

Pazih
The Pazih affixes below are from Li (2001:10-19).


 * Prefixes
 * ha-: stative
 * ka-: inchoative
 * kaa-: nominal
 * kai-: to stay at a certain location
 * kali- -an: susceptible to, involuntarily
 * m-: agent focus
 * ma- (ka-): stative
 * ma- (pa-): to have (noun); agent-focus
 * maa[ka]- (paa[ka]-): - mutually, reciprocal
 * maka- (paka-): to bear, bring forth
 * mana- (pana-): to wash (body parts)
 * mari- (pari-): to bear, to give birth (of animal)
 * maru- (paru-): to lay eggs or give birth
 * masa-: verbal prefix
 * masi- (pasi-): to move, to wear
 * mata-: (number of) times
 * mati- (pati-): to carry, to wear, to catch
 * matu- (patu-): to build, erect, set up
 * maxa- (paxa-): to produce, to bring forth; to become
 * maxi- (paxi-): to have, to bring forth; to look carefully
 * me-, mi- (pi-), mi- (i-): agent-focus
 * mia- (pia-): towards, to go
 * mia- which one; ordinal (number)
 * mu- (pu-): agent-focus (-um- in many other Formosan languages); to release
 * pa-: verbalizer; causative, active verb
 * paka-: causative, stative verb
 * papa-: to ride
 * pu-: to pave
 * pu- -an: locative-focus, location
 * sa- ~saa-, si-: instrumental-focus, something used to ..., tools
 * si-: to have, to produce; to go (to a location)
 * si- -an: to bring forth, to have a growth on one's body
 * ta-: agentive, one specialized in ...; nominal prefix; verbal prefix
 * tau-: agentive
 * tau- -an: a gathering place
 * taxa-: to feel like doing; to take a special posture
 * taxi-: to lower one's body
 * taxu-: to move around
 * ti-: to get something undesirable or uncomfortable
 * tu-: stative
 * xi-: to turn over, to revert


 * Infixes
 * -a-: progressive, durative
 * -in-: perfective


 * Suffixes
 * -an: locative-focus, location
 * -an ~ -nan: locative pronoun or personal name
 * -aw: patient-focus, future
 * -ay: locative-focus, irrealis
 * -en ~ -un: patient-focus
 * -i: patient-focus, imperative; vocative, address for an elder kinship
 * CV- -an: location

Thao
The following affixes are sourced from Blust (2003:92-188).


 * a- : only found in /kan/ 'eat'
 * -ak : '1st person singular (I)'
 * ak- ... -in : 'morning, noon, evening meals'
 * an- : uncertain function
 * -an : Verbal uses can be indicative, imperative, or adversative.
 * i- : prefix or clitic particle marking location
 * -i : imperative
 * -ik : patient focus (1st person singular)
 * -in- : perfective or completive aspect
 * -in : patient focus
 * ish- : found most with intransitive verbs (uncommon prefix)
 * ka- : 'to make an X', 'two times' (with reduplication)
 * ka- ... -an : meaning unclear
 * kal- : 'X told'
 * kalh- : 'to pile, spread'
 * kash- : 'intensity, repitition'
 * kashi- : meaning uncertain
 * kashi- ... -an : 'pull by the X'
 * kashun- : derives verbs referring to positions of the human body, or sometimes objects such as boats
 * kat- : 'gradually become X'
 * ki- : 'stand, stay'; other possible meanings as well
 * ki- ... -an : 'be affected with pain in the X'
 * kilh- : 'search for, seek'
 * kin- : 'to pick or gather X'
 * kit- ... -in : 'infested with X'
 * ku- : 'to perform an action with X' (when used with tools or weapons); less specific in other contexts
 * kun- : 'sudden or abrupt action', 'to eat the X meal', 'to do X times'; meaning unclear sometimes
 * la- : usually found in expressions of quantity of degree
 * lhin- : causative sense
 * lhun- : swelling-related meanings, etc.
 * m- : marks the genitive in 'you (2s)' and 'we (incl.)'
 * ma- : marks stative verbs, occasionally nouns derived from stative verbs
 * ma- : active verb prefix
 * ma- : prefix marking the future in actor focus verbs
 * ma- : 'tens' (used with numbers)
 * mak- : intransitive verbs
 * maka- : 'to resemble X' (people), 'produce X' (plant or animal parts), 'from/in/to X' (deictic/directional expressions)
 * makin- : intransitive verbs; 'Xth from the bottom' (with numerals)
 * makit- : 'happen gradually', 'perform X gradually'
 * maku- : directional sense, and is followed by /na/- (though it does not follow not in non-locative expressions)
 * malhi- : 'give birth to an X'
 * man- : generally used with dynamic, intransitive verbs
 * mana- : generally found with directional verbs
 * mapa- : 'reciprocal', 'collective action'
 * mash- : 'to speak X' (language), 'walk with an X' (positions or conditions of the leg)
 * masha- : relates to body positions, or may have a directional meaning
 * mashi- : comparatives (with stative bases of measurement); often synonymous with /ma/- (stative verb marker)
 * mat- : derives intransitive or stative verbs
 * mati- : locative expressions
 * matin- + full reduplication : 'X-ish' or 'spotted with X' (colors)
 * mi- : derives intransitive verbs, often with some form of base reduplication
 * mi- + Ca reduplication : 'do with a group of X'
 * mia- : used to derive various verbs
 * min- : derives inchoative verbs (Bunun loan?); 'become an X' or 'become like an X' (with kinship terms)
 * mu- : most frequently derives verbs of motion; 'go into X; enter X' (with concrete nouns that refer to structures or places capable of being entered); 'search for X' (with names of useful plants); 'do X times' (numeral bases and expressions of quantity)
 * mun- : intransitive verbs
 * -n : derives accusative pronouns from nominative bases
 * na- : most commonly with verbs indicating change of location; 'it's up to X'
 * pa- : causative of dynamic verbs (verbs with -/um/-); 'make X do Y' or 'let X do Y'; active transitive (or intransitive) verb with no causative argument/sense
 * pak- : 'exude X' (body fluids, other natural fluids/substances); intransitive verb prefix
 * pan- : 'perform X in a downward direction'
 * pan- ... -an : used with terms for lineal consanguines to derive the corresponding collateral terms of the same generation (e.g., 'father' > 'uncle', 'grandparent' > 'grandparental sibling')
 * pash- ... -an : 'place in which X is kept'
 * pashi- : generally causative sense (often with Ca-reduplication); 'let X do it' or 'let X have it' (with the accusative forms of personal pronouns)
 * pashi- ... -an : 'put X on' or 'wear X'
 * pat- : generally causative sense
 * pi- : causative verbs of location (can be paired with /i/- 'at, in, on'); may also form non-locative verbs
 * pia- : forms causative verbs (usually have stative counterparts with /ma/-; note that /pa/- and -/um/- are also counterparts.); simulative verb
 * pik- : generally causative sense
 * pin- : generally forms causative verbs or deverbal nouns
 * pish- : 'play X' (musical instruments); inchoative sense (sometimes with an implied element of suddenness); causative sense
 * pu- : causative or transitive counterpart of the movement prefix /mu/-, which is intransitive; 'use an X' or 'put in an X' (with names of some tools); 'send out an X' (with names of plant parts)
 * pu- ... -an : to wear X' (body ornaments)
 * pun- : 'to catch X' (animals used for food)
 * qata- : bodily movement, observation, and the like
 * sha- : directional sense ('facing', etc.)
 * shan-na-Ca- ... : 'it's up to X' (often with pronouns)
 * shau- : 'go to X' or 'arrive at X' (with bases that have an inherently locative sense or temporal sense)
 * shi- : appears to mark past tense (as opposed to the perfective aspect marker -/in/-)
 * shi- : sometimes appears with commands
 * shi-X-X : 'X-ish, somewhat X'
 * shi-X-iz: 'X times'
 * shu- : 'bring X' or 'take X' (with pronominal and deictic bases)
 * tana- : generally directional sense (from Bunun /tana/- 'prefix of direction')
 * tau- : 'to carry X' (with concrete nouns); 'to turn to X' (with bases having a directional meaning)
 * tish- : forms both transitive and intransitive verbs; often refers to results of non-deliberate actions
 * tu-Ca- ... : 'the odor of X'
 * -um- : actor focus infix
 * un- ... -an : 'undesirable bodily conditions or afflictions'; 'figurative extension of a physical affliction'
 * -un : equivalent of -/in/ 'patient focus' (borrowed from Bunun)
 * -wak : 1st person singular actor (apparently distinct from -/ak/)
 * -wan : 'X's turn (to do something)'
 * ya- : only comes after /mapa/- 'reciprocal or collective action'
 * -zan : 'X paces' (used with numerals)


 * Quasi-affixes
 * kan 'step, walk'
 * lhqa 'live, living'
 * pasaháy 'to use'
 * qalha 'much, many'
 * sa (usually almost impossible to translate in most environments)

Kavalan
The Kavalan affixes below are from Li (2006:14-24).


 * Prefixes
 * i-: stative, having to do with location
 * kar-: rapid motion; defective, not perfect
 * ki-, qi-: pluck, pidl
 * kin-: number of humans
 * lu-: flat
 * luq(e)-: bumpy, rough (used with stative verbs)
 * m-, -m-, mu-, -u-, -um-: agent-focus
 * ma-, m-: stative
 * maq-: where from
 * mar-: sine kind of shape
 * mi-: discharge something from the body
 * mri-: settle down; to shrink, huddle up
 * mrim-: a division of (a numeral)
 * nan-: two people (kinship); distributive numeral
 * ni-, n-, -in-, -n-: past, perfective
 * pa-: causative (used with active verbs)
 * pa- -an: agentive
 * pa-ti: personal marker for the dead
 * paq-, paqa-: causative (used with stative verbs)
 * paq-: get on (a boat)
 * pa-qi-: cause to become
 * pat-: make a change
 * pi-: put into, put away; do something to protect a body part; every (time)
 * qa-: immediate future; ride, take (means of transportation)
 * qa- -an: place of/for
 * qaRu-: become, transform into; transformable into
 * qi-: pick, gather, get
 * qna-: nominaizer (used with stative verbs; -an is used with active verbs)
 * Ra-: to transform into
 * Ra-CV-: light color of
 * Ri-: catch, get
 * Ru-: just now; for the first time
 * sa-: have the event (natural phenomena); do, make, produce, have; secrete (body fluid); tool
 * sam-CV-: pretend
 * saqa-: ordinal (numeral)
 * si-: wear, own, possess
 * sia-: go towards (place/direction); go to the side (often euphemistic for urinating/defecating)
 * sim-: reciprocal
 * siqa-: (number of) times
 * smu-: finger
 * sna-: model of, copy of
 * su-: remove; move downwards, upside down, slanting
 * su-CV-: stink or smell of
 * tan-: speak the language
 * taRi-: position, people in such a position
 * ti-: instrumental-focus; to take eacher other (?)
 * ti- (-an): beneficiary-focus
 * tRi-CV(C)- (-an): discharge (body discharge) with control
 * u-: agent-focus; non-human numeral


 * Suffixes
 * -a: irrealis patient-focus marker
 * -an: locative-focus marker, nominalizer
 * -i: irrealis non-agent-focus imperative


 * Infixes
 * -m-, -um-: agent-focus
 * -n-, -in-, ni-: perfective

Siraya
The following list of Siraya verb affixes is from Adelaar (1997).


 * Affixes
 * ni-: past tense
 * ma-, m-, -m-: actor focus / orientation
 * pa-: undergoer focus / orientation
 * mey- ~ pey-: actor- and undergoer-oriented verbs (used with verbs describing a high degree of physical involvement)
 * mu- ~ (p)u-: actor- and undergoer-oriented verbs (used with verbs describing a movement toward something)
 * ma-: stative intransitive verbs; words with no apparent word-class affiliations (precategorials)
 * paka-: causative
 * pa-: transitive (often with causative result
 * ka-: expresses feeling, emotion, sensation (undergoer-oriented verbs and deverbal nouns only)
 * -ən, -an: undergoer focus / orientation
 * -a, -ey, -aw: irrealis
 * -(l)ato: possibly a perfective marker

Like Bunun and many other Formosan languages, Siraya has a rich set of verbal classifier prefixes.
 * Classifiers


 * mattäy- / pattäy-: "talking, saying"
 * smaki-: "throwing,casting"
 * sau-: "swearing, making an oath"
 * mu-, pu-: movement into a certain direction
 * mey- / pey-: high degree of physical involvement
 * sa-: movement through a narrow place
 * taw-: downward movement, a movement within a confined space

Puyuma
The Puyuma affixes below are from Teng (2008:282-285).


 * Prefixes
 * ika-: the shape of; forming; shaping
 * ka-: stative marker
 * kara-: collective, to do something together
 * kare-: the number of times
 * ki-: to get something
 * kir-: to go against (voluntarily)
 * kitu-: to become
 * kur-: be exposed to; be together (passively)
 * m-, ma-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix
 * maka-: along; to face against
 * mara-: comparative/superlative marker
 * mar(e)-: reciprocal; plurality of relations
 * mi-: to have; to use
 * mu-: anticausative marker
 * mutu-: to become, to transform into
 * pa-/p-: causative marker
 * pu-: put
 * puka-: ordinal numeral marker
 * piya-: to face a certain direction
 * si-: to pretend to
 * tara-: to use (an instrument), to speak (a language)
 * tinu-: to simulate
 * tua-: to make, to form
 * u-: to go
 * ya-: to belong to; nominalizer


 * Suffixes
 * -a: perfective marker; numeral classifier
 * -an: nominalizer; collective/plural marker
 * -anay: conveyance voice affix/transitive affix
 * -aw: patient voice affix/transitive affix
 * -ay: locative voice affix/transitive affix
 * -i, -u: imperative transitive marker


 * Infixes
 * -in-: perfective marker
 * -em-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix


 * Circumfixes
 * -in-anan: the members of
 * ka- -an: a period of time
 * muri- -an: the way one is doing something; the way something was done
 * sa- -an: people doing things together
 * sa- -enan: people belonging to the same community
 * si- -an: nominalizer
 * Ca- -an, CVCV- -an: collectivity, plurality

Paiwan
The Paiwan affixes below are from the Kulalao dialect unless stated otherwise, and are sourced from Ferrell (1982:15-27).


 * Prefixes
 * ka-: used as an inchoative marker with some stems; past marker
 * ka- -an: principal, main
 * kaɬa- -an: time/place characterized by something
 * ma-ka-: go past, via; having finished
 * pa-ka-: go/cause to go by way of (something/place)
 * ka-si-: come from
 * ken(e)-: eat, drink, consume
 * ki-: get, obtain
 * ku-: my; I (as agent of non-agent focus verb)
 * ɬa-: belonging to a given [plant/animal] category
 * ɬe-: to go in the direction of
 * ɬia-: (have) come to be in/at
 * li-: have quality of
 * ma-: be affected by, be in condition of (involuntary)
 * mare-: having reciprocal relationship
 * mare-ka-: in some general category
 * maɬe-: number of persons
 * me-: agent marker usually involving change of status (used with certain verbs)
 * mere-: be gigantic, super-
 * mi-: agent marker that is usually intransitive (used with certain verbs)
 * mi- -an: pretend, claim
 * mu-: agent marker (certain verbs)
 * ka-na- -anga: every
 * pa-: to cause to be/occur
 * pe-: emerge, come into view
 * pi-: put in/on; do something to
 * pu-: have or produce; acquire
 * pu- -an: place where something is put or kept
 * ma-pu-: do nothing except ...
 * ra-: having to do with
 * r-m-a-: do at/during
 * r-m-a- -an: do at/in
 * sa-: wish to; go to, in direction of; have odor, quality, flavor of
 * pa-sa-: transfer something to; nearly, be on point of doing
 * ki-sa-: use, utilize, employ
 * na-sa-: perhaps, most likely is
 * san(e)-: construct, work on/in
 * ki-sane(e)-: become/act as; one who acts as
 * ru-: do frequently/habitually; have many of
 * se-: people of (village/nation); have quality of; occur suddenly/unexpectedly/unintentionally
 * s-ar-e-: be in state/condition of (involuntary)
 * si-: be instrument/cause/beneficiary of; instrument focus marker; belonging to certain time in past
 * ma-si-: carry, transport
 * su-: your; you (agent of non-agent focus verb); leave, remove, desist from
 * ki-su-: remove or have removed from oneself
 * ta-: past marker
 * tu-: similar to, like
 * ma-ru-: be dissimilar but of same size
 * tja-: our, we (inclusive); more, to a greater extent, further
 * ki-tja-: take along for use
 * tjaɬa- -an: most, -est
 * tjara-: be definitely
 * tjaɬu-: reach/extend as far as
 * tjari-: furthest, utmost
 * tja-u-: to have just done
 * tje-: choose to do at/from
 * ka-tje- -an: containing
 * tji-: used mainly in plant/animal species names (non-Kulalao frozen affix)
 * tji-a-: be/remain at
 * tju-: do/use separately; be/do at certain place
 * m-uri-: search for


 * Infixes
 * -aɬ-, -al-, -ar-: having sound or quality of; involving use of; non-Kulalao
 * -ar-: do indiscriminately, on all sides; non-Kulalao
 * -m-: agent or actor; -n- following /p/, /b/, /v/, /m/; m- before vowel-initial words
 * -in-: perfective marker, action already begun or accomplished, object or product of past action; in- before vowel-initial words


 * Suffixes
 * -an: specific location in time/space; specific one/type; referent focus
 * -en: object/goal of action; object focus
 * -aw, -ay: projected or intended action, referent focus
 * -u: agent focus (most subordinate clauses); most peremptory imperative
 * -i: object focus (most subordinate clauses); polite imperative
 * -ɬ: things in sequence; groupings; durations of time

The following affixes are from the Tjuabar dialect of Paiwan, spoken in the northwest areas of Paiwan-occupied territory (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary 1995).


 * Nouns
 * -aḷ-, -aly- 'tiny things'
 * -in- 'things made from plant roots'
 * -an 'place' (always used with another affix)
 * mar(ə)- 'a pair of' (used for humans only'
 * pu- 'rich'
 * ḳay- 'vegetation'
 * sə- 'inhabitants'
 * cua- 'name of a tribe'


 * Verbs
 * -aŋa 'already done'
 * ka- 'to complete'
 * kə- 'to do something oneself'
 * ki- 'to do something to oneself'
 * kisu- 'to get rid of'
 * kicu- 'to do something separately'
 * maCa- 'to do something reciprocally' (where C indicates the initial consonant of the stem)
 * mə- 'to experience, to be something'
 * pa- 'to cause someone to do something'
 * pu- 'to produce, to get something'
 * sa- 'to be willing to do something'
 * calyu- 'to arrive at'


 * Adjectives
 * ma- 'being'
 * na- 'with the quality of'
 * səcalyi- 'very'
 * ca- 'more than'

Bunun
Below are some Takivatan Bunun verbal prefixes from De Busser (2009).

In short:
 * Movement from: Cu-
 * Dynamic event: Ca-
 * Stative event: Ci-
 * Inchoative event: Cin-
 * Neutral: mV-
 * Causative: pV-
 * Accusative: kV-

A more complete list of Bunun affixes from De Busser (2009) is given below.


 * Focus
 * agent focus (AF): -Ø
 * undergoer focus (UF): -un (also used as a nominalizer)
 * locative focus (LF): -an (also used as a nominalizer)


 * Tense-aspect-mood (TAM) affixes
 * na- irrealis (futurity, consequence, volition, imperatives). This is also the least bound TAM prefix.
 * -aŋ progressive (progressive aspect, simultaneity, expressing wishes/optative usage
 * -in perfective (completion, resultative meaning, change of state, anteriority)
 * -in- past/resultative (past, past/present contrast
 * -i- past infix which occurs only occasionally


 * Participant cross-reference
 * -Ø agent
 * -un patient
 * -an locative
 * is- instrumental
 * ki- beneficiary


 * Locative prefixes
 * Stationary ‘at, in’: i-
 * Itinerary ‘arrive at’: atan-, pan-, pana-
 * Allative ‘to’: mu-, mun-
 * Terminative ‘until’: sau-
 * Directional ‘toward, in the direction of’: tan-, tana-
 * Viative ‘along, following’: malan-
 * Perlative ‘through, into’: tauna-, tuna-, tun-
 * Ablative ‘from’: maisna-, maina-, maisi-, taka-


 * Event-type prefixes
 * ma- Marks dynamic events
 * ma- Marks stative events
 * mi- Marks stative negative events
 * a- Unproductive stative prefix
 * paŋka- Marks material properties (stative)
 * min- Marks result states (transformational)
 * pain- Participatory; marks group actions


 * Causative
 * pa- causative of dynamic verb
 * pi- causative of stative verb
 * pu- cause to go towards


 * Classification of events
 * mis- burning events
 * tin- shock events
 * pala- splitting events
 * pasi- separating events
 * kat- grasping events


 * Patient-incorporating prefixes
 * bit- 'lightning'
 * kun- 'wear'
 * malas- 'speak'
 * maqu- 'use'
 * muda- 'walk'
 * pas- 'spit'
 * qu- 'drink'
 * sa- 'see'
 * tal- 'wash'
 * tapu- 'have trait'
 * tastu- 'belong'
 * taus-/tus- 'give birth'
 * tin- 'harvest'
 * tum- 'drive'


 * Verbalizers
 * pu- verbalizer: 'to hunt for'
 * maqu- verbalizer: 'to use'
 * malas- verbalizer: 'to speak'