Appendix:Cognate sets for Dravidian languages

Numerals
The numerals from 1 to 10 in various Dravidian languages.


 * 1) There is an adjectival version for the number one and two in Tamil and Malayalam, oru and iru. Oru is used as an indefinite article meaning "a" and also when the number is an adjective followed by a noun (as in "one person") as opposed to when it is a noun (as in "How many are there?" "One"). Iru as in irupatu (20, literally meaning "double-ten"), iravai (20 in Telugu), or "iraṭṭi" ("double") or Iruvar (meaning two people).
 * 2) The Kolami numbers 5 to 10 are borrowed from Telugu.
 * 3) The word toṇṭu was also used to refer to the number nine in ancient Sangam Tamil texts but was later completely replaced by the word oṉpatu.
 * 4) These forms are derived from "one (less than) ten". Proto-Dravidian *toḷ/*toṇ (which could mean 9 or 9/10) is still used in Tamil and Malayalam as the basis of numbers such as 90 and 900, toṇṇūṟu ($9/10$*100 = 90) as well as the Kannada tombattu (9*10 = 90).
 * 5) Because of shared sound changes that have happened over the years in the majority of the Tamil dialects, the numbers have different colloquial pronunciations, seen here to the right of their written, formal pronunciations.
 * 6) In languages with words for one starts with ok(k)- it was taken from *okk- which originally meant "to be united" and not a numeral, Kui got its word from *oru which was the adjective form of *ont̠u.
 * 7) Apart from ort and iwr all of the remaining numbers in Malto are loaned from Indo-Aryan languages; while counting 1 and 2, ēk and dū are used and as adjectival ort and iwr are used. Despite Dravidian languages usually being decimal, older speakers use a vigesimal number system based on Munda languages where each 20 is counted as a kōṛi so 100 as 5 kōṛis. Younger speakers tend to a Indo-Aryan based decimal system.
 * 8) Archaic versions of Telugu numerals were found in literature and inscriptions.
 * 9) ēnu of Telugu is archaic and is retained in the numerals like: padi-hēnu, yābhai (< ēn-padi) etc.
 * Words indicated * are borrowings, mainly from Indo-Iranian languages (in Brahui's case, from Balochi).
 * Telugu is the only Dravidian language to have a native word for 'thousand' : vēyi. The South Dravidian-1 languages borrowed sahasra as āyiram/sāvira.