Appendix:Cognate sets for Uralic languages

Uralic cognates
The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. For further cognates within each subfamily (such as Samic), see the corresponding reconstruction pages.

This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them. Thus, the English word in each row should be regarded as an approximation of the original meaning, not a translation of the other words.

Abbreviations used:
 * Es., Fi. = Estonian, Finnish
 * NS = Northern Sami, SS = Southern Sami
 * TN = Tundra Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan

(Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation (<ž>, <š> , <č> ), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation (<ś> ). The Finnish letter  and the letter <ü> in other languages represent a high close rounded vowel . The letter <đ> in the Sami languages represents a voiced dental fricative.

Finno-Ugric cognates
This is a sample of cognates in basic vocabulary across Uralic, illustrating the sound laws (based on the Encyclopædia Britannica and Hakkinen 1979).

Numbers
The numbers from 1 to 10 in several Finno-Ugric languages. Forms in italic do not descend from the reconstructed forms.

The number '2' descends in Ugric from a front-vocalic variant *kektä.

The numbers '9' and '8' in Finnic through Mari are considered to be derived from the numbers '1' and '2' as '10–1' and '10–2', but the nature of the suffix is uncertain. See, for more details.