Appendix:Egyptian predicates

This chart summarizes the constructions used with the various types of Egyptian predicates to form questions, negations, and clauses. Mostly it lists (after each ‘with’) the possible particles that can be used to form each construction; these particles are generally proclitic, preceding the clause in question. Where multiple particles are listed under separate bullet points, only one needs be used. The empty set symbol ∅ is used to indicate the absence of any proclitic particle. The chart mostly follows Allen 2010; there are significant differences of opinion among Egyptologists regarding some of these constructions.

For relative clauses, constructions with a particle (‘marked clauses’) generally indicate a definite antecedent, whereas those without (‘unmarked clauses’) indicate an indefinite one. For adverbial clauses, marked clauses can precede main clauses, whereas unmarked clauses usually cannot — except when the predicate is an emphatic form or when the clause is the protasis of a conditional sentence. For noun clauses, marked clauses have realis mood, whereas unmarked clauses are unmarked for mood but often irrealis.