Appendix:English terms of Native North American origin

An offshoot of Appendix:English terms of Native American origin, this list includes common nouns which originated from Native American language families spoken to the north of the Panama Canal. Terms from language families spoken on both sides of the Canal, or in the Caribbean, are listed separately; terms from Eskimo-Aleut languages are also listed separately. See here for a list of place names, personal names and tribe names derived from these languages. (If a common noun is also the name of a tribe, place or person (e.g. "Mohawk"), this is noted in this list only in the etymology.)

specific language and family unclear

 * appaloosa — "(breed of) horse having a spotted rump" — after the Palouse river, named for the Palouse region, which is either a 🇨🇬 or a 🇨🇬 name (not related to "appaloosa" meaning "catfish")
 * assapan — "flying squirrel" — "from one of the south-eastern" Native American languages
 * pasheco (also: pashequa, pashequaw) — "camas bulb or root", "soft, dark cake made of baked camas and the lichen rockhair" (rockhair =, i.e. Bryoria fremontii, see Wila (lichen)) for info on geographic distribution of First Nations use; camas = probably , but possibly other Camassia, see for geographic distribution, see especially the "subordinate taxa" tab) — ???
 * quinnat (or: quinnet) — "Chinook salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)" — ??? (perhaps Chinook?)
 * tabasco — "particular variety of chili pepper having a conical shape and a bitter and burning taste", "spicy pepper sauce made from tabasco pepper" — (from the name of the Mexican state "Tabasco",) from either a 🇨🇬 term meaning "our lord of eight lions", or a 🇨🇬 term meaning "damp earth"
 * wankapin (rare) — "" — ??? (related to "yoncopin")
 * wishtonwish — "prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)" — from a Native American onomatopoeic representation of their cry
 * yoncopin (uncommon) (also: yonkapin (uncommon), yankapin (rare)) — "water chinkapin" — ??? (perhaps an alteration of "woncopin", a variant of "wankapin"; related to the latter in any case)

specific language unclear

 * apishamore — "saddle blanket" — from 🇨🇬 term meaning "something to lie down on" (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 *apishimon, perhaps related to ; also compare 🇨🇬)
 * asimina — "pawpaw (Asimina triloba)" (plant, fruit) — from an 🇨🇬 word *assimin or *rassimin (the second element of which is -min, "berry, fruit"), via 🇨🇬 assiminier
 * bogan — (in Canada:) "any narrow water or creek, especially a narrow tranquil backwater" — apparently a conflation of "(poke)logan" and "bog"
 * canticoy — "dance party, lively social gathering" — from an 🇨🇬, probably 🇨🇬 language; compare 🇨🇬
 * carcajou — "wolverine" — probably from the same 🇨🇬 source as "kinkajou"
 * chunkey (also: chunky) — "particular game involving throwing a spear at a rolling disk" — 🇨🇬 *chungke
 * dockmackie — " " — perhaps from a 🇨🇬 word *dogekumak for some smoke-able plant, via 🇨🇬 (whence the diminutive ending -ie), or perhaps from another 🇨🇬 (e.g. 🇨🇬) word
 * hickory (originally: pokickery; then: hickery) — "deciduous hardwood tree (Carya or " — from an 🇨🇬 word, probably 🇨🇬
 * kinkajou — "honey bear " — from an 🇨🇬 word for "wolverine" only later transferred to the South American animal, compare 🇨🇬 (related to "carcajou")
 * logan — "(in the northeastern US) marsh" — shortening of "pokelogan" (which see)
 * pipsissewa (also: pipissewa) — " " — either from 🇨🇬 *, compare, or from 🇨🇬
 * pokelogan (also: "pokeloken") — "(in the northeastern US) marsh" — perhaps related to "pocosin"???
 * macock — "(particular kind of) squash or pumpkin" — from a 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 word? (see also the unrelated "mocuck")
 * maninose (earlier: mananosay) — "soft-shelled clam" — from a Native American language of the Carolinas, probably an 🇨🇬 one, thus probably from 🇨🇬
 * maracock, maypop — "fruit of a passion flower (similar to a lemon)" — from an 🇨🇬 word?
 * matchcoat — "(particular type of) fur mantle" — compare 🇨🇬 (related to "machicote")
 * moose — "elk (Alces alces)" — compare 🇨🇬/🇨🇬, 🇨🇬
 * muskimoot (uncommon) — "(woven) bag (especially as used by certain Algonquian peoples)" — compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬
 * muskrat — see musquash
 * nocake (obsolete: nokehike) — "corn parched and pounded into flour" — 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 (related to "yokeag")
 * pecan — "edible nut of the ", "Carya illinoinensis (tree)" — compare 🇨🇬 (Illinois), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬
 * pocosin (also: pocosen, pocoson) — "(in Virginia and the southeastern US) low, wooded swamp, palustrine wetland" — from an unknown 🇨🇬 word, perhaps related to 🇨🇬
 * podunk — "any small, insignificant inhabited place (town, etc.)" — from a particular place of that name, ultimately from an 🇨🇬 term
 * pokickery — see hickory
 * pung — "low, box-like sled/sleigh designed to be drawn by one horse" — shortening of "tom-pung", from the same root as "toboggan"
 * Quonset hut — "lightweight prefabricated structure of corrugated galvanized steel having a semicircular cross section" — named after the place they were manufactured; the placename derives from an 🇨🇬 language
 * sagamité (or: sagamite) — "stew of hulled (and often powdered) maize and grease" — from an 🇨🇬 language; compare 🇨🇬
 * scuppernong — "large greenish-bronze grape", "wine made from this grape" — from an 🇨🇬 word?
 * skokeberry — "pokeberry" — from an 🇨🇬 term for "red" (compare 🇨🇬) + (🇨🇬) "berry"
 * squeteague — "weakfish " — 🇨🇬? (probably from a plural, compare "squit", which is probably from the singular) ("chickwit" and "succoteague" are probably variations of the same word)
 * suckauhock (or: suckanhock) — "dark wampum" — 🇨🇬?? ("suck-" is said to be an 🇨🇬 root for "black", compare 🇨🇬)
 * supawn (also sepawn, sepon, suppawn) — "boiled (corn) meal, hasty pudding" — probably 🇨🇬/🇨🇬 (the same source as "samp")
 * terrapin — "turtle" — from an 🇨🇬 word; compare 🇨🇬
 * toboggan — "sled/sleigh" (also: "winter hat") — 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬
 * togue — "lake trout, siscowet" — 🇨🇬???
 * tomahawk — "ax" — compare Malecite-Passamaquoddy, 🇨🇬
 * tullibee (also: tulibee) — "mongrel whitefish of the genus Coregonus" — 🇨🇬/🇨🇬 (with alternation of "n" and "l")
 * wapato (also: wappatoo) — "arrowhead (plant, )", "edible bulbous root of this plant" — from 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬?
 * wapiti — "elk (Cervus canadensis)" — from 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬)
 * wejack — "fisher, marten" — 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 (compare "woodchuck" from the same root but misapplied)
 * wickup — see wicopy
 * wicopy (wickopy) — "one of several trees (Dirca or Tilia)" — compare 🇨🇬
 * woodchuck — "groundhog" — 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 (erroneously applied in English to the groundhog; compare "wejack" which is correctly applied to the fisher)
 * woodshock — (obsolete form of "woodchuck" which was still sometimes applied to the marten, though other times misapplied to the groundhog)


 * commonly conjectured to be Algonquian
 * hackmatack — "larch" (nonstandard: "balsam poplar") — said to be of Native American (sometimes specifically 🇨🇬 or, even more specifically, 🇨🇬) origin, but no etymon is known (compare "tamarack")
 * tamarack — "larch" — said to be of Native American (sometimes specifically 🇨🇬 or, even more specifically, 🇨🇬) origin, but no etymon is known (compare "hackmatack")
 * zuisin — "American widgeon" — said to be probably of 🇨🇬 origin; compare 🇨🇬

from Abenaki and Penobscot

 * cohosh — "herb with rough roots, used to treat women's health issues " (erroneously: "Actaea racemosa, which is smooth") — 🇨🇬 *kkwὰhas (compare 🇨🇬)
 * musquash — Ondatra zibethicus — probably from 🇨🇬 ("muskrat" may be from the same source!)
 * monadnock — "isolated mountain rising above a plain" — from 🇨🇬,
 * oquassa — "blue-back trout" — (from Oquassa lake in Maine, where it is found, said to be) from 🇨🇬
 * pauhagen — "menhaden (fish)" — ultimately from 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 (related to "poghaden")
 * pekan — "fisher (, syn. ), marten " — 🇨🇬 or a 🇨🇬 cognate of the same
 * poghaden — "menhaden (fish)" — ultimately from 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 (related to "pauhagen")
 * pogy — "menhaden (fish)" — (shortening of "poghaden")
 * sagamore — "(Algonquian) chief" — 🇨🇬 (relate to "sachem")
 * sannup — "male Native American, especially a married one" — 🇨🇬, compare 🇨🇬
 * skunk — "small black animal with a white stripe and musk glands" — 🇨🇬
 * tumpline — "strap passed around a chest or forehead to aid in carrying a pack" — (from tump, said to be from mattump, metomp, from) 🇨🇬 *mádûmbí? from an 🇨🇬 root *mat-a-pey??
 * wannigan — "box, usually wood, for storing food" — 🇨🇬
 * wigwam — "type of Native American dwelling having an arched framework overlaid with bark, hides or mats, used in the northeastern US" — from 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬

from Cree and Montagnais (Innu)

 * cawquaw — "Canadian porcupine" — 🇨🇬
 * husky — "particular type of dog used to pull sleds in northern regions" — shortening of "husky dog", where "husky" is ultimately from the same 🇨🇬 (Innu) root as "Eskimo"
 * methy — "burbot, eel-pout (fish)" (called loche in Canadian French) — Woodland 🇨🇬 mathay (🇨🇬), actually the designation of the "mariah fish"
 * muskeg — "wet, acidic peat bog (soil type), with spruce and woody vegetation" — 🇨🇬
 * namaycush — "togue, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)" — 🇨🇬
 * pemmican — "concentrated mixture of dried meat and fruit (berries) (containing fat and protein" — 🇨🇬, from
 * quickhatch — "wolverine" — 🇨🇬
 * saskatoon — "western North American shrub ", "edible berry of this shrub" — 🇨🇬
 * shaganappi — "rawhide strap (thong, lacing)" (used e.g. to hold together Red River carts) — from 🇨🇬, compare
 * wananish (also: ouananiche, winninish) — "one of a particular variety of fish which are or are very similar to salmon" — (via Canadian 🇨🇬) from 🇨🇬, from wanans ("salmon") + -is (diminutive suffix)
 * wavey (also: wavy) — "either of two wild geese of the genus Chen" — 🇨🇬 *wewe, *wehwe-w
 * wemistikoshiw — "among the Cree, a white person" — 🇨🇬 "he has a wooden boat"
 * whisky jack, — "grey jay, Canada jay (Perisoreus canadensis)" — 🇨🇬/ and /

from Lenape (Delaware), Unami or Munsee

 * kinnikinnick (a staggering variety of spellings exist, including ones ones with "l" like killikinick; see the entry for a list) — "mixture of bark, dried leaves, and sometimes tobacco, which is smoked", "any of the plants (which produce berries) used in this mixture" — from 🇨🇬
 * manitou (sometimes: manito) — "(term used by non-Native Americans for a) god, deity (as revered among Native North Americans)" — from 🇨🇬/🇨🇬, compare 🇨🇬
 * moonack — "groundhog" — 🇨🇬
 * Neshannock — "white-fleshed variety of potato, suitable for table use" — (named for the place in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, where it was first produced; the placename deriving from) a 🇨🇬 term for "place of two streams", from + a root meaning "stream" (compare,  + the locative suffix -k
 * punkie (also: punky) — "any of the small biting gnats/midges of the family Ceratopogonidae" — 🇨🇬 *
 * rockaway (or: rockaway carriage, Rockaway carriage) — "either of two types of carriage" — after a placename, from 🇨🇬 or a 🇨🇬 cognate of that word
 * seawan (also: sewan, seawant, zeawant) — "wampum (especially if not strung)" — 🇨🇬 *
 * shoepac — "shoe (especially: warm, waterproofed boot)" — 🇨🇬 (with hte anglicisation influenced by "shoe")
 * tipitiwitchet — "Venus flytrap" — a 🇨🇬 word

from Malecite-Passamaquoddy

 * (also called Maliseet–Passamaquoddy)


 * quoddy — "herring, especially if caught and cured (or smoked) near any of the various northeastern American places named Quoddy or Passamquoddy" — (from the placenames, from the tribe's name, thus) ultimately from Malecite-Passamaquoddy

from Massachusett or Narragansett

 * menhaden (also: menhadden) — "any fish of the genus Brevoortia'' and sometimes " — 🇨🇬, influenced by "poghaden" ("pauhagen"), which may be from 🇨🇬/🇨🇬 (and which is the source of "pogy")?
 * mishcup — "porgy (fish)" — 🇨🇬 mishcup ("porgy", singular) (from the same 🇨🇬 word: "paugie", "scup", "scuppaug")
 * mohawk — "particular hairstyle" — from the exonym "Mohawk" applied to the Kanienkehaka (a particular tribe), from a 🇨🇬 word meaning "they eat animate things"
 * mugwump — "important person" (now only sarcastically or derisively) — 🇨🇬 (*)
 * mummichog (also: mummychog/mummachog) — " (Fundulus heteroclitus) found in brackish and coastal waters of North America" — 🇨🇬
 * Narragansett pacer — "(horse from the) Rhode Island breed of horses, which were once renowned" — from the Rhode Island town named for the 🇨🇬 tribe
 * netop (rare) — "friend" — 🇨🇬
 * old squaw (also: oldsquaw) — "long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis)" — "old" + "squaw"
 * papoose — "child (especially if Native North American)" — 🇨🇬
 * paugie — "porgy (fish)" — 🇨🇬 mishcuppauog ("porgies", plural) (likely reinforced by matching non-rhotic pronunciations of "porgy") (from the same 🇨🇬 word: "mishcup", "scup", "scuppaug")
 * peag — "wampum" — (from 🇨🇬 wampumpeag, from) 🇨🇬 (see "wampum")
 * pooquaw (earlier: pequaock) — "Nantucket or Long Island Sound hard-shelled clam" — 🇨🇬 *poquauhock
 * pooseback — "piggyback" — ("papoose" + "back")
 * powwow — "(Native North American meeting or ritual", "shaman", "secret meeting" (as a verb: "to hold a powwow") — 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬 (both from a root meaning "shaman")
 * quahog (also: quahaug) — "small or hard-shelled edible clam" — from 🇨🇬 *poquauhock
 * sachem — "(Algonquian) chief" — 🇨🇬 (related to "sagamore")
 * samp — "(porridge made from) coarse ground maize" — 🇨🇬 (compare "supawn")
 * scup — "porgy (fish)" — 🇨🇬 mishcup or mishcuppauog ("porgy", singular, or "porgies", plural, respectively) (from the same 🇨🇬 word: "mishcup", "paugie", "scuppaug")
 * scuppaug — "paugie, scup (fish)" — 🇨🇬 mishcuppauog ("porgies", plural) (from the same 🇨🇬 word: "mishcup", "paugie", "scup")
 * squantersquash — "squash" (the term is obsolete) — 🇨🇬 *askútasquash
 * squantum — "a picnic on the beach, a clambake" — (apparently from a placename, from) 🇨🇬
 * squash — "edible gourd Cucurbita" — shortening of "squantersquash"
 * squaw — "woman, wife (especially if Algonquian)" (sometimes offensive) — compare 🇨🇬
 * squawberry (also: squaw berry) — "partridge berry (Mitchella repens)" — "squaw" + "berry"
 * squaw carpet — ", a flat, mat-forming shrub" — "squaw" + "carpet"
 * squaw fish (also: squawfish) — "cyprinid fish of the genus  which preys on small trout and salmon" — "squaw" + "fish"
 * squaw mint — "American pennyroyal — "squaw" + "mint"
 * squaw root (also: squawroot) — ", which is parasitic on the roots of other trees", "Trillium erectum, which has foul-smelling, yellow to purple flowers" — "squaw" + "root"
 * squaw vine (also: squawvine) — "partridge berry (Mitchella repens)" — "squaw" + "vine"
 * squaw weed (also: squawweed) — " " — "squaw" + "weed"
 * squaw winter — (in New York:) "early onset of winter, early (October) cold snap, often followed by flurries of snow", (in northwest Canada:) "mild onset of winter" — "squaw" + "winter"
 * succotash — "stew of corn kernels (and lima beans and tomatoes)" — 🇨🇬
 * tautog — "blackfish (a particular wrasse)" — 🇨🇬
 * wamp — "eider" — probably from 🇨🇬
 * wampum — "small polished beads, strung together" (informally: "money") — (from 🇨🇬 wampumpeag, from) 🇨🇬 (compare "hiaqua")
 * wetu — "domed hut similar to a wigwam, used especially by the Wampanoag" — from 🇨🇬

from Mi'kmaq

 * babiche — "cord or lacing of rawhide or sinew (used in place of cord or rope)" — 🇨🇬
 * caribou — "(North American subspecies of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)" — 🇨🇬

from Mohegan-Pequot

 * chogset — "cunner (fish)" — (from an earlier spelling, "cachogset", from) 🇨🇬; probably 🇨🇬
 * muckawis — "whippoorwill" — probably from 🇨🇬 (Pequot) múckkowheesce
 * yokeag — "dried, pulverized corn kernels, sometimes mixed with maple sugar" — 🇨🇬, shortening of (related to "nocake" and "rokeag")

from Ojibwe

 * chipmunk (earlier: chitmunk) — "squirrel-like rodent of the genus Tamias" — 🇨🇬
 * cisco — "(any of several particular) North American freshwater fish" — (shortening of "siscowet")
 * machicote — "(particular type of) skirt or underskirt" — 🇨🇬 (related to "matchcoat")
 * mackinaw — "heavy, thick woolen cloth", "coat made from this cloth", "particular kind of boat", "particular kind of trout" — ultimately from 🇨🇬
 * maskinonge — (variant or synonym of "muskellunge")
 * massasauga — "rattlesnake ( or )" — 🇨🇬
 * mocuck — "box-like container made from birch-bark, especially one in which sugar is stored" — probably 🇨🇬 (see also the unrelated "macock")
 * muskellunge — "large fish of the pike family, Esox masquinongy" — 🇨🇬
 * Muskoka chair — "Adirondack chair" — from the place named for the 🇨🇬 chief Mesqua Ukie/Miskwaa-aki
 * musky — "muskellunge" — (shortening of "muskellunge")
 * nitchie (also: neechee) — "a Native American" (in Canadian usage, usually offensive) — from 🇨🇬
 * pembina (or: pimbina) — "Viburnum edule, squashberry, ", "edible berry of this plant, from which jam may be produced" — 🇨🇬, an earlier form of
 * siscowet — "(any of several particular) North American freshwater fish" — 🇨🇬 ( or ) ("cisco" is a shortening of this word)
 * totem — "clan (defined in reference to a natural object or creature, which serves as its emblem)", "that object or creature, or a representative thereof" — 🇨🇬
 * watap — "spruce root split lengthwise into strips" — 🇨🇬


 * calques
 * firewater — "whiskey" — calque of 🇨🇬, from +
 * medicine man — "(Native American) shamanistic healer" — calque of 🇨🇬, from +
 * two-spirit — "Native (North) American who is not cismale or cisfemale, but is transgender or belongs to a third gender" — calque of 🇨🇬, from +

from Powhatan

 * Atamasco lily (or: atamasco lily) — "rain lily " — said to be from 🇨🇬 *attamusca
 * chinquapin (also: chinkapin) — "any of several shrubs and trees" — said to be from 🇨🇬 * (sometimes considered to derive from a word for chestnut, in which case compare (also with regard to "wankapin") 🇨🇬; 🇨🇬, ; in any case, the final element is
 * chum — "fish parts and blood, dumped into the water to attract fish" (as a verb: "to fish using chum") — 🇨🇬??
 * hominy (also: rockahominy) — "(food of) hulled maize kernels soaked in lye water, rinsed, then either cooked and eaten or dried and ground" — from one of several similar 🇨🇬 words
 * moccasin — "deerskin leather shoe" (also: "any of several kinds of snake") — 🇨🇬 *mockasin, *mawhcasun, *makasin
 * opossum — "American marsupial (Didelphys or Chironectes)" — 🇨🇬
 * persimmon — "Diospyros fruit (berry), visually similar to a tomato, which is sweet when ripe but astringent when immature" (also: "tree that produces this fruit/berry") — 🇨🇬 *pichamin(s), *pushemin(s), *pasimenan ("dried fruit")
 * pocan — (variant of "pocones" or "puccon", which are synonymous)
 * pocones — see puccoon
 * poke, pokeberry, pokeroot, pokeweed — "plant of the genus Phytolacca, which is initially poisonous but with berries and shoots which may be eaten after washing, and which yields a red dye" — 🇨🇬 (related to "puccoon")
 * pone — "baked or fried cornmeal bread (perhaps made without milk or eggs), cornbread" — 🇨🇬, compare 🇨🇬
 * possum — see opossum
 * puccoon (earlier: pocones) — "any of several plants which yield a red dye", "this dye" — 🇨🇬 (*) (related to "poke")
 * raccoon — "grey-furred nocturnal omnivore (Procyon)" — 🇨🇬
 * roanoke — "white beads of low value made from shells" — 🇨🇬 *rawrenock (said to mean "things rubbed smooth by hand")
 * rockahominy — see hominy
 * tuckahoe — "edible root of the wild potato (arrow arum, )" (by extension: "person forced by poverty to subsist on this root") — 🇨🇬 (*)tockawhoughe
 * werowance (or: weroance) — "(Native American) chief (in Virginia or Maryland)" — presumably from 🇨🇬???
 * werowansqua (or: weroansqua) — "female weroance, female (Native American) chief, princess" — almost certainly from the same source as "werowance"

from other specific Algonquian languages

 * chebacco (also: chebec) — "narrow-sterned boat" (used in Newfoundland fisheries) — (from the town of that name) from Agawam, an Eastern 🇨🇬 language
 * sea puss (earlier: seapoose; sometimes especially erroneously: sea-purse) — "(oceanic phenomenon:) strong nearshore current resulting from seaward water flow" — 🇨🇬 (Unquachog), cognate to 🇨🇬
 * sepoose — "(flowing) channel which results when a cut is deliberately made by humans in a barrier beach which separates a bay from an ocean, so as to control the water level in the bay (which affects water mills) and its salinity (which affects shellfish)" — (this variant spelling of "sea puss" is used when the word has this sense)
 * wickiup — "domed hut-like Native American dwelling used in the southwestern and western US" — 🇨🇬/🇨🇬

from Caddo

 * caddi — "civil/secular chief of the Hasinai confederacy" — 🇨🇬 (related to 🇨🇬 "Caddo", from 🇨🇬)
 * cona — "(Caddo) minor shaman who can cure sickness, ward off evil, and make predictions" — 🇨🇬
 * xinesi (also: chenesi) — "high priest of the Hasinai confederacy" — 🇨🇬

from Chinook

 * (also called Lower Chinook, Chinook proper)


 * cheechako (also: cheechaco) — "newcomer, greenhorn, tenderfoot (especially to Alaska or western Canada)" — 🇨🇬, from (🇨🇬) +  (🇨🇬) (this word is consequently also listed in the section for Nootka derivations)
 * chum salmon — "Oncorhynchus keta" — 🇨🇬, from 🇨🇬 (+ 🇨🇬 "salmon")
 * eulachon (also: oolachon, hooligan) — "small edible North American candlefish (Thaleichthys pacificus)" — 🇨🇬, from Clatsop 🇨🇬
 * hooligan — (in the sense "fish", variant of eulachon)
 * salal — "leathery-leaved North American shrub with edible sepals and leaves, " — 🇨🇬 sálal (via 🇨🇬) (probably from the same root as "shallon")
 * sewellel — "mountain beaver" — 🇨🇬
 * shallon — "salal (Gaultheria shallon)" — 🇨🇬
 * soopolallie — "deciduous shrub ", ", soapberry, the red fruit/berry of this shrub, which may be used in the production of a frothy, aromatic, distinctive-tasting drink sometimes called 'Indian ice cream'" — 🇨🇬 from (from 🇨🇬) +  (from a 🇨🇬 word for berries)

from Chinook Jargon

 * (words are listed here only if their original language unclear)


 * high muckamuck (also: high muckety-muck) — "important person" — 🇨🇬 (see "muckamuck")
 * kouse (or: kowse) — "(edible root of a particular) plant of the genus Lomatium (as used by Native American as food and medicine" — 🇨🇬, from???
 * muckamuck (also: muckety-muck) — "food", (later, as a short form of "high muckamuck":) "important person" — 🇨🇬 (the earlier origin of the term is unclear; it is possible it was invented within Chinook Jargon rather than borrowed into the Jargon from another language)

from Southern Iroquoian languages

 * sequoia — "either the one living or the one extinct genus of redwood coniferous trees in the Sequoioideae subfamily, of the Cupressaceae family" — after the 🇨🇬 figure Sequoyah /

from Northern Iroquoian languages

 * Adirondack chair — "particular kind of outdoor lounge chair made of wood, with wide arm rests" — from the mountains, from the 🇨🇬 *, a generic Mohawk term for other tribes (including the French and English, but especially other Native Americans who ate bark and buds in times of need)
 * wyandotte (often: Wyandotte) — "particular kind of poultry, said to be a cross of a bantam cock and a Cochin hen", "the Wyandot people" — (from the tribe name,) from 🇨🇬 (in the Huronian family)

specific language unclear

 * dowitcher — "any of three long-legged, long-billed wading birds in the genus Limnodromus" — from an 🇨🇬 (northern?) language, compare 🇨🇬
 * Niagara — "deluge, flood, torrent", "large, juicy, green North American grape: a variety of Vitis labrusca which is eaten and used in the production of wines, jams and white grape juice", "a particular river which flows, over a waterfall, from Lake Erie into Lake Ontario" — ("deluge" alludes to the waterfall, the grape is named after the area of its origin; the name of the area is from) 🇨🇬
 * ondatra — "muskrat" — from an 🇨🇬 (northern?) language, perhaps 🇨🇬 (Huron)
 * Oswego tea — "Monarda didyma" — "Oswego" (from an 🇨🇬 language) + "tea"

specific lect unclear

 * cigar — "tobacco in a thick roll wrapped with (an outer covering of) tobacco leaves, intended to be smoked" — 🇨🇬
 * cigarette — "tobacco in a thin roll wrapped with paper, intended to be smoked" — from "cigar"
 * halach uinic — "Mayan governor" — from 🇨🇬

from Q'eqchi

 * kelep — "Guatemalan stinging ant " — 🇨🇬

from Yucatec Maya

 * balché (or: balche) — "intoxicating drink made by soaking the bark of the leguminous tree in honey and water and fermenting it" — 🇨🇬
 * cenote — "deep well, formed naturally by the collapse of surface limestone, exposing the groundwater underneath, into which the Maya cast sacrificial offerings" — 🇨🇬

from Miskito

 * cohune — "South American palm, which produces large nuts" — 🇨🇬
 * dory — "small, flat-bottomed boat" — perhaps from 🇨🇬, if this 🇨🇬 word is not a loan from 🇨🇬(!)

from Choctaw

 * appaloosa — "catfish" — shortening of "Appaloosa cat", named for the Appaloosa (Opelousa) tribe; the tribe's name is from 🇨🇬, the second element being (not related to "appaloosa" meaning "horse")
 * bayou — "(in Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas and Arkansas, a) "slow-moving, often stagnant creek or river", "(in LA, NS, TX, AR, a) swamp, marshy (stagnant) body of water" — (🇨🇬, from) 🇨🇬
 * bobbasheely — "good friend" (as a verb: "to hang out (with friends)") — 🇨🇬
 * bogue — "bayou, waterway" — (🇨🇬, from) 🇨🇬
 * okeh — (variant of "OK") — 🇨🇬 (this is sometimes given as the etymology of "OK" itself, although this is doubtful)
 * sac-a-lait — "white crappie " — (🇨🇬, from) 🇨🇬

from Creek (Muscogee)

 * catawba — see the term's entry in the Catawba section
 * coontie — "either of two arrowroots, or ", "flour produced (by Seminoles) from the starch of these plants" — 🇨🇬 (Muscogee)
 * sofkee (also: sofkey) — "grits" — 🇨🇬
 * tupelo — "any of several trees of the genus Nyssa, especially, which grow in swampy regions on the eastern, southern and midwestern United States" — 🇨🇬 (Muscogee)
 * wahoo — " " — 🇨🇬 *uhawhu

from Athabaskan languages

 * hogan — "(Navajo) dwelling, constructed of branches covered with mud" — 🇨🇬 (in the Apachean family)
 * quinzhee (or: quinzee) — "temporary shelter made by hollowing out a pile of settled snow" — (compare "igloo")

from Tlingit

 * hooch (also: hootch) — "(cheap) alcohol, liquor, whiskey" — shortening of "Hoochinoo", name of a specific alcohol, from the name of the tribe which produced it, said to be from 🇨🇬

from Penutian languages

 * (this is a hypothetical grouping used here only for convenience)

from Plateau Penutian languages

 * wokas (also: wocus, wocas, wokus) — "", "edible (dried, hulled) seeds of this lily" — 🇨🇬

from Utian languages

 * abalone — "edible univalve mollusc of the genus Haliotis", "meat of this mollusc" — Rumsen (🇨🇬) (though another theory considers that term 🇨🇬)

from Purepecha

 * huarache — "particular (Mexican) kind of sandal", "food similar in shape to that sandal, consisting of salsa, potato, meat and cheese atop a fried masa (dough) base" — 🇨🇬

from Halkomelem

 * coho (coho salmon) — "anadromus and semelparous salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, found in the coastal regions of the northern Pacific Ocean, used as a symbol by several Native American tribes" — 🇨🇬
 * sasquatch — "mythical large hairy humanoid", "any very hairy person" — 🇨🇬
 * sockeye — "Oncorhynchus nerka, a small salmon", "the edible red flesh of this fish" — 🇨🇬, probably meaning red fish

from Lower Chehalis

 * skookum — (as an adjective:) "impressive, excellent, strong", (as a noun:) "woodland monster" — 🇨🇬, from 🇨🇬

from Lushootseed

 * geoduck (or: goeduck, gweduck) — "species of large saltwater clam " — 🇨🇬

from Shuswap

 * kokanee — "lacustrine sockeye (that is, a land-locked one, one found in lakes and not in the ocean)" — 🇨🇬
 * wila — "the black tree lichen, Bryoria fremontii" — 🇨🇬

from Siouan (proper) languages

 * ohunkakan — "traditional Sioux evening stories" — 🇨🇬
 * tipi, teepee — "cone-shaped tent-like Native American dwelling used in the Great Plains" — 🇨🇬
 * wahoo — ", a burning bush" — from a 🇨🇬 word, the first element of which is cognate to 🇨🇬

from Catawba

 * catawba (some senses erroneously also: catalpa) — "reddish American desert grape", " rhododendron", "any tree of the genus Catalpa" — 🇨🇬 (sometimes alternatively said to derive from a 🇨🇬 word like )
 * yaupon — ", an evergreen holly shrub with white flowers and red or yellow berries, found in the southeastern United States" — 🇨🇬, from

specific language unclear

 * chuckwalla — "lizard of the genus , which lives in arid regions of the Southwestern United States" — (via 🇨🇬, from) either 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬

from Hopi

 * kachina (also: katchina, katsina) — "vaguely ancestral anthropomorphic spirit being", "wooden doll which represents such a being" (and some other senses) — 🇨🇬
 * kiva — "ceremonial underground chamber in a Pueblo village" — 🇨🇬
 * Moqui marble (or: Moki marble) — "any of a group of iron oxide concretions shaped like small balls found in the Navajo Sandstone Formation in Utah" — 🇨🇬
 * piki (also: piki bread) — "(thin, tortilla-like sheet of) rolled bread made of nixtamalized corn meal" — presumably from 🇨🇬

from Nahuatl lects

 * achiote — "tropical American evergreen plant, Bixa orellana, annatto", "seed of this plant used for its flavour or orange-red colour, annatto" — 🇨🇬
 * altepetl — "sovereign Nahuan sociopolitical unit" — 🇨🇬, so called because it contains (sic) and
 * amate — "paper made from the bark of adult Ficus trees" — 🇨🇬 (figuratively also meant "ability to write")
 * amole — "any of various plants, such as Mexican agave plants, used as soap" — 🇨🇬
 * atlatl — "wooden stick with a thong or perpendicularly protruding hook on the rear end that grips a grove or socket on the butt of its accompanying spear, thus steadying the spear and increasing its range and force of penetration" — 🇨🇬
 * atole — "thick drink made of finely ground maize, mixed with water" — 🇨🇬
 * avocado — "Central Mexican tree ", "large, usually yellowish-green or black, pulpy fruit of this tree, having a single large pit: alligator pear, butter pear" — 🇨🇬
 * axolotl — "neotenic salamander, found in the elevated lakes of Mexico, which begin as larvae but do not naturally undergo metamorphosis" — 🇨🇬
 * ayocote — "runner bean" (Phaseolus coccineus) — (via 🇨🇬, from) 🇨🇬
 * cacao — "Theobroma cacao tree", "seed or bean of this tree, contained within a pod, from which cocoa solids and cocoa butter are extracted" — 🇨🇬 ("cocoa" derives from this word, "cacao")
 * calmecac — (historically, in Aztec society:) "school at which young nobles received military training and a very basic education" — 🇨🇬, probably a compound with as one of its elements
 * calpolli (or: calpulli) — "organizational unit below the level of an altepetl" — 🇨🇬
 * centzontle (also written other ways) — "mockingbird" (rare) — 🇨🇬
 * chayote — "Sechium edule, a vine of the gourd family", ", vegetable pear: green, pear-shaped fruit of this plant, which may be eaten raw or cooked" — 🇨🇬 ,
 * chia — "Mexican plant, which edible seeds, related to mint" — 🇨🇬
 * chicle — "milky latex of the tree, used after coagulation as the principal ingredient of chewing gum" — 🇨🇬 (or possibly 🇨🇬 )
 * chilacayote — "Cucurbita ficifolia squash" — 🇨🇬
 * chilaquiles — "traditional Mexican dish of fried tortilla chips topped with salsa" — 🇨🇬 (from + ) +
 * chile (also: chili) — "spicy fresh or dried fruit of any of several cultivated varieties of capsicum peppers" — from "chilli"
 * chilli (or: chili) — "dish made with peppers and other ingredients, such as beans and meat" — 🇨🇬
 * chiltepin (also: chiltepe) — " pepper" — 🇨🇬 +
 * chiltoma — "Capsicum annuum"/"any sweet pepper" — 🇨🇬 (perhaps a combination of and, or perhaps from )
 * chinampa — (historical, in Mesoamerica) "small, rectangular floating island of fertile arable l and to grow crops on the shallow lake beds" — 🇨🇬
 * chipotle — "smoked, dried jalapeño" — 🇨🇬 +
 * chocolate — "food made from ground roasted cocoa beans", "dark, reddish-brown colour like that of the food" — 🇨🇬 or a similar term referring to chocolate or to an instrument used in chocolate production
 * cocoa — "chocolate" (historically), "unsweetened brown powder made from roasted, ground cocoa beans, used in baking and chocolate production: cocoa powder", "cocoa liquor: pure liquid chocolate extracted from the cocoa bean", "cocoa butter: theobroma oil, a pale-yellow, pure, edible vegetable fat extracted from cocoa beans", "hot cocoa: hot chocolate: hot drink made with milk, cocoa powder, and sugar" — (metathesis of "cacao")
 * copal — "aromatic tree resin, in a stage of polymerization and hardening intermediate between that of gummy resins and that of amber" — 🇨🇬
 * coyote — "American jackal, prairie wolf (Canis latrans), canine native to an area stretching from Panama to Canada" — 🇨🇬
 * epazote — "pungent herb used in Central and South American cooking and tea making " — 🇨🇬
 * guacamole — "avocado-based green dip" — 🇨🇬
 * haricot — "bean, kidney bean" — probably from 🇨🇬, with the spelling influenced by the unrelated word "haricot" for "stew" (from 🇨🇬)
 * hoatzin (also: hoactzin, hoazin) — "blue-faced, crested bird Opisthocomus hoazin, which has an enlarged crop used as a rumen" — 🇨🇬 (not 🇨🇬) (which probably designated a different bird)
 * huipil — "traditional blouse worn by women (from various Central America peoples including the Maya and Zapotec" — 🇨🇬
 * huitlacoche — "corn smut, considered as food" — 🇨🇬
 * jícama (also: jicama) — "Mexican vine ", "edible tuberous root of this plant, which resembles a potato" — 🇨🇬
 * macpalxochitl — "Chiranthodendron pentadactyllon, a tree which has red, five-fingered hand-shaped flowers" — 🇨🇬
 * mescal (or: mezcal) — "intoxicating drink made from fermented agave juice", "agave which is used to produce this drink", "peyote" — 🇨🇬 (see also "peyote")
 * mescaline — "psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine class found naturally in several cactus species" — (from "mescal")
 * mesquite — "any of several deciduous trees of the genus Prosopis, which have long, beige seed/bean pods which may be dried and ground into a sweet, nutty flour", "wood of these trees, or charcoal made from it, used when smoking food" — 🇨🇬
 * metate — "flat stone with a slightly concave surface, used with a mano, another stone, for grinding maize or other grains" — 🇨🇬 ("mano" is from 🇨🇬)
 * mole — "any of several spicy sauces typical of the cuisine of Mexico and neighboring Central America, especially the sauce which contains chocolate and which is used in cooking main dishes, not desserts" — 🇨🇬
 * nahual (also: nagual) — "animal form a person may take", "person who may take an animal form" — 🇨🇬 (see also "tonal")
 * nahualism (also: nagualism) — "the (Mesoamerican instance of) belief in the transformation of humans into animals" — from "nahual"
 * nahuatlato — "interpreter of an indigenous language, especially but not always Nahuatl", "scholar of Nahuatl" — 🇨🇬,
 * nixtamal — "hominy: maize/corn kernels which have undergone nixtamalization, that is, which have been hulled and soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution" — 🇨🇬, from +
 * nixtamalization (or: nixtamalisation) — "soaking and cooking of hulled maize/corn kernels in an alkaline solution" — from "nixtamal"
 * nopal — "prickly pear cactus from the genus Opuntia, which has edible leaves" (often, the plural "nopales" is used when the leaves are an ingredient in a dish) — 🇨🇬
 * ocelot — "dwarf leopard (Leopardus pardalis), pale yellow-orange wild cat covered with blackish ocellated spots and blotches" — 🇨🇬
 * octli — "pulque: milk-colored, somewhat viscous alcoholic drink, which produces a light foam, made by fermenting the sap of certain types of agave plants" — 🇨🇬
 * oyamel — "sacred fir (Abies religiosa), South American evergreen conifer" — 🇨🇬 *
 * peyote — "small, spineless cactus Lophophora williamsii which produces button-like tubercles which have psychedelic effects upon consumers of them" — 🇨🇬 (see also "mescal")
 * pinole — "coarse flour made from ground toasted maize kernels, often mixed with herbs, eaten by itself (sic) or incorporated into drinks" — 🇨🇬
 * pozole — "pre-Columbian soup made from hominy, other things and seasonings" — 🇨🇬/🇨🇬
 * pulque — "octli: milk-colored, somewhat viscous alcoholic drink, which produces a light foam, made by fermenting the sap of certain types of agave plants" — (via an erroneous 🇨🇬 adoption of) 🇨🇬
 * quetzal — "strikingly colored bird in the trogon family" — 🇨🇬
 * quetzalcoatlus — "North America pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian stage, about 68–65.5 million years ago)" — 🇨🇬
 * sapodilla — "Manilkara zapota, a long-lived, evergreen tree, which has edible fruit" — related to "sapote"
 * sapote (also: zapote, sapota, zapota) — "edible fruit of the sapodilla tree" — 🇨🇬
 * shack — "crude, roughly built hut" — (some authorities derive it from 🇨🇬, but others consider this phonologically impossible and relate the word to 🇨🇬 "ramshackle")
 * sotol — "any of several plants of the genus Dasylirion, of the agave family", "distilled spirit made from the " — 🇨🇬
 * tacamahac (also: tacamahaca) — "particular resinous product", "any tree yielding such resin, especially the balsam poplar" — 🇨🇬
 * tamal (or: tamale) — "dish, consisting of a masa (meal, often cornmeal) shell filled (e.g. with meat) and steamed or boiled in a leaf or corn-husk wrapper (which is discarded before consumption)" — 🇨🇬 (in 🇨🇬, "tamale" is a back-formation from "tamales", but it continues the 🇨🇬 syllabification)
 * tegu — "any of 7 species of large South America lizards of the genus " — from "teguexin"
 * teguexin — "large South American lizard with yellowish spots" (a "gold tegu"?) — 🇨🇬
 * telpochcalli — (historically, in Aztec society:) "school at which young commoners received military training and a very basic education" — 🇨🇬, a compound of +
 * teosinte — "grass of the genus Zea, sometimes cultivated as a fodder plant" — 🇨🇬
 * tequila — "alcoholic drink made from the blue agave plant" — named for the town where it was produced; the placename is 🇨🇬
 * tlachtli — (Nahuan version of the Mesoamerican ballgame) — 🇨🇬 (other names include "ulama", "ullamaliztli")
 * tomato — "widely cultivated plant, Solanum lycopersicum", "savory fruit of this plant, which is red when ripe" — 🇨🇬
 * tonal — "animal companion which accompanies a person from birth to death; animal to which a person acquires a spiritual link upon birth" — 🇨🇬
 * tule — "hardstem bulrush, viscid bulrush " — 🇨🇬
 * ulama — (Nahuan version of the Mesoamerican ballgame) — 🇨🇬 (other names include "tlachtli", "ullamaliztli")
 * ullamaliztli — (another version of the Mesoamerican ballgame) — 🇨🇬 (other names include "ulama", "tlachtli")
 * xochinacaztli — " " — 🇨🇬, from ; so called because it resembles an ear
 * xocomecatlite — "orthorhombic telluride mineral which occurs as aggregates or spherules of green, needle-like crystals" — 🇨🇬 (+ 🇨🇬 -ite)
 * zopilote — "buzzard or vulture" — 🇨🇬

from Numic languages

 * sego (or: sego lily) — "perennial bulb lily,, which has trumpet-shaped flowers" — 🇨🇬

from O'odham

 * tepary — "particular bean, " — Tohono 🇨🇬

from Shoshone

 * kooyah (sometimes: kuya) — "(large, internally bright yellow, edible root of the), which tastes and smells like tobacco until cooked, when it becomes sweet" (eaten by Native Americans in the Great Basin and Northwest) — 🇨🇬 ("Snake language")
 * pogonip — "ice fog which forms in valleys in the Western United States" — 🇨🇬 or a related word
 * yamp — "umbelliferous plant which is native to California and has edible tubers" — probably from the same source as "yampa", "yampah"
 * yampa (or: yampah) — "any of several plants of the genus, especially , which has an edible root" — 🇨🇬 *yampa

from Taracahitic languages

 * saguaro — "large cactus in the genus, native to the Sonoran Desert, characterized by its arm-like protuberances" — from a Taracahitic 🇨🇬 language, probably 🇨🇬 or 🇨🇬

from Makah

 * beshow — "the candlefish, the sablefish" — from 🇨🇬, cognate to 🇨🇬

from Nootka

 * camas (earlier: quamash) — "North American flowering plant of the genus Camassia" — from 🇨🇬 *, from 🇨🇬 *
 * cheechako (also: cheechaco) — (see this word's listing in the section for Chinook derivations)
 * hiaqua — "beads or shells (especially as placed on strings)" — 🇨🇬, from 🇨🇬 (compare "wampum")
 * ioqua — " shell(s), used as money and in jewellery" — 🇨🇬, from 🇨🇬 (compare "wampum")
 * klootch, klooch — "klootchman" (which see)
 * klootchman — "wife", "woman (especially if Native American)" — (via 🇨🇬, from) 🇨🇬 : from (with 🇨🇬 suffixed in 🇨🇬)
 * potlatch — "gift-giving festival, in which a host housed and distributed gifts to guests, who would later reciprocate" — 🇨🇬, from 🇨🇬
 * potluck — some consider potluck a variant of potlatch, but potluck ("meal") is attested since 1592
 * saltchuck — "any body of saltwater, especially the ocean but also any brackish lake" — from 🇨🇬, from (from 🇨🇬) +  from 🇨🇬