Appendix:Finnish adverbial cases

Some Finnish grammars define adverbial cases as a set of additional "noun cases". These cases are not applicable to every nominal (with possibly one exception) and forms of these cases are considered adverbs rather than case forms. This list mainly follows Suomen kielioppi by Panu Mäkinen.

Superessive
The superessive case is part of a third set of locative cases alongside the delative and sublative cases. It corresponds to the inessive or adessive cases, expressing presence at a static location, often nearby or alongside something else. Its ending is. Only singular forms exist.

Some grammars consider, and  to be superessive forms, but etymologically the former is indistinguishable from the adessive case form, while the latter two have a distinct  suffix, unlike widely accepted superessive adverbs like  and.

Delative
The delative case is part of a third set of locative cases alongside the superessive and sublative cases. It corresponds to the elative or ablative cases, expressing moving away from nearby or alongside something. Its ending is. Only singular forms exist.

Sublative
The sublative case is part of a third set of locative cases alongside the superessive and delative cases. It corresponds to the illative or allative cases, expressing moving towards nearby or alongside something. Its ending is in most words, but  for others (usually ones with a monosyllabic stem, such as the common pronoun forms, , ). Only singular forms exist.

Lative
Lative adverbs express motion towards something. Finnish has a multitude of lative suffixes, the most common of which are, and  (the last suffix has no visible spelling). Occasionally these forms are called the s-lative, i-lative and k-lative, respectively. At times the translative ending may serve a lative role, like in. Only singular forms exist.

Locative
Locative adverbs express being in or at a static location. The locative ending is the same as the essive ending, since the essive case has developed from the original locative sense which is now only present in adverbs. Only singular forms exist.

Separative
Separative adverbs express moving away from a location. The separative ending is the same as the partitive ending (usually of the form, ), since the partitive case has developed from the original separative sense which is now only present in adverbs. Only singular forms exist.

Temporal
Temporal adverbs express points of time for when something happens. All temporal endings have developed from instructive plural endings and end in. The most common ending is, but , and plain  are also found. Temporal adverbs are generally considered to all be in singular, although etymologically they are in the plural.

Causative
Causative adverbs express manner of doing. The ending is. The plural causative form is also used as a superlative adverb suffix (for which the more common suffix is, but for some individual words  has become predominant).

Multiplicative
Multiplicative adverbs express how many times something is done, and most multiplicative adverbs are derived from numerals. The case ending is. Only singular forms exist. is also used to derive adverbs of manner from adjectives, and these are sometimes considered multiplicative as well.

Distributive
Distributive adverbs express distribution or manner (especially in imitation). The case ending is. Distributive singular forms are rare, and most distributive forms are in the plural.

Temporal distributive
Temporal distributive adverbs generally express a repeating time reference for when something occurs, but are sometimes also used to express an origin or source for something. The case ending is. Only plural forms exist.

Prolative
Prolative adverbs express motion through something or by something (as a medium). The case ending is (the -i- is not etymologically the plural infix, but an original part of the suffix). Prolative singular forms are rare, and most prolative forms are in the plural.

The prolative case is generally more productive than other adverbial cases, and the case ending may even apply to attributes, which may be a sign of prolative being a full case (however, with most nominals it would be even more rare than the instructive case).

Situative
Situative adverbs express location next to something else, usually in a reciprocal fashion (e.g. ). The case ending is. Only singular forms exist.

Oppositive
Oppositive adverbs express location of two or more things facing against each other. The case ending is or. Only singular forms exist.

Terminative
Terminative adverbs express movement up to a certain point. The different terminative case endings (all rare) are and. Only singular forms exist.