Appendix:French irregular verbs

There are approximately 350 irregular verbs that do not conjugate in either the first or second conjugation. For simplicity, these highly varying verbs have been traditionally “lumped” into a third group. All existing non-defective conjugation are detailed and discussed in this page. Some of them were defective, impersonal, or rarely used.

Defective verbs are discussed in Appendix:French defective verbs.

Classification of irregular verbs
Verbs in the third group can be further classified into the following subgroups:
 * and
 * Irregular verbs in -er:, and.
 * Irregular verbs in -ir:
 * Verbs in -ir whose conjugation appears to mix the first and second conjugation. Almost all verbs ending in -llir, -vrir and -frir are part of this group.
 * Verbs in -ir with present singular indicative conjugation ending in a consonant sound, but otherwise like the previous type. These verbs are mostly in -tir.
 * Verbs in -ir with a variable stem, mostly these are in -enir (i.e., and their derived verbs)
 * Verbs in -oir
 * Verbs in consonant+re
 * Verbs in -dre, -pre, -ttre and -cre
 * Verbs in -dre and -tre where the root varies, either because a root vowel, or the are replaced.
 * Verbs in -vre
 * Verbs in -aître and -oître
 * Verbs in vowel+re
 * Verbs in -uire
 * Verbs in -oire
 * Verbs in -ure
 * Verbs in -aire
 * Verbs in -ore
 * Verbs in -ire

Auxiliary verbs: être and avoir
The auxiliaries and  are both highly irregular. Owing to its first vowel in, shows some of the alternation seen in verbs of the first group. It is the only verb to have a first-person plural in -mes instead of -ons outside the past historic, and one of only three to have a second-person plural in -tes instead of -ez (alongside and ). The auxiliaries are also the only verbs whose subjunctive present first- and second- person plural are in -ons, -ez rather than -ions, -iez (compare, ). This often leads to spelling mistakes in both directions. Both verbs contain subjunctive forms of imperative (compare with most Romance languages which supply its missing forms of the imperative with the subjunctive present forms).

Irregular pronunciations of these verbs include (, not  or ) and eu- pronounced  in all of 's conjugation. Note also the prototypical is pronounced, not.

Être
has four different stems: (e)s-, fu- (both from Latin, perfect , this verb is also suppletive), ét- (from ), and soy- (from a conflation of the subjunctive of with ; whence also ). See article on Wikipedia for more.


 * Être
 * Participles: été, étant
 * Indicative
 * Present: suis, es, est, sommes, êtes, sont
 * Imperfect: ét+first-group endings
 * Past historic: fus, fus, fut, fûmes, fûtes, furent
 * Future/conditional: ser+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient
 * Imperfect: fusse, fusses, fût, fussions, fussiez, fussent
 * Imperative: sois, soyons, soyez

Avoir

 * Avoir
 * Participles: eu, ayant
 * Indicative
 * Present: ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont
 * Imperfect: av+first-group endings
 * Past historic: eus, eus, eut, eûmes, eûtes, eurent
 * Future/conditional: aur+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: aie, ais, ait, ayons, ayez, aient
 * Imperfect: eusse, eusses, eût, eussions, eussiez, eussent
 * Imperative: aie, ayons, ayez

Irregular verbs in -er
There are only three verbs in -er considered to be part of the third conjugation:,  and.

Aller
The conjugation of involves no less than four distinct stems from completely different origins: all-/aill- (from the Late Latin ), v- (from ) and ir- (from ). Aside from this, most endings are those of first-group verbs:


 * Aller
 * Participles: all-+First group endings
 * Indicative
 * Present: vais, vas, va, allons, allez, vont
 * Imperfect: all+first-group endings
 * Past historic: all+first-group endings
 * Future/conditional: ir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: aille, ailles, aille, allions, alliez, aillent
 * Imperfect: all+first-group endings
 * Imperative: va, allons, allez

Formerly the first-person present indicative was (hence the imperative), which is now restricted to either dialectal or archaic writing, but it is still used when  added into front of the imperative form (vas-y) instead of forming *va-y. always uses for its auxiliary.

Envoyer and renvoyer
The verbs and its derivative  are conjugated mostly like other verbs in -yer, except in the future and conditional. If they were regular (as they indeed were in Old French), they would look like incorrect conjugations of. This analogy has resulted in these tenses being identical to those of that verb:


 * Envoyer
 * Participles: envoyé, envoyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: envoie, envoies, envoie, envoyons, envoyez, envoient
 * Imperfect: envoy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: envoy+first-group endings
 * Future/conditional: enverr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: envoie, envoies, envoie, envoyions, envoyiez, envoient
 * Imperfect: envoy+first-group endings
 * Imperative: envoie, envoyons, envoyez

Verbs that combine first- and second-group endings
The irregularity in indicative present was due to tendencies to drop the /i/ from the /ji/ sequences, and historic addition of /ə/ to impermissible consonant clusters.

Cueillir and related verbs
The verbs, and  are conjugated as if they were first-group verbs, except in the past historic, past participle and subjunctive imperfect, whose endings are those of second-group verbs:


 * Cueillir
 * Participles: cueilli, cueillant
 * Indicative
 * Present: cueill+ first-group endings
 * Imperfect: cueill+first-group endings
 * Past historic: cueill+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: cueiller+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: cueill+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: cueill+second-group endings
 * Imperative: cueill+first group endings

Assaillir and related verbs
These verbs are conjugated like the above verbs, but their normal conjugation in the future and conditional is that of second-group verbs. Significant hesitation exists and they are often conjugated like instead. This is because the final of the syllable  tends to be reduced to a schwa in pronunciation or dropped entirely in the future and conditional, rendering those forms homophonous with those of -type verbs (which have a first-group future/conditional stem).


 * Assaillir
 * Participles: assailli, assaillant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assaill+ first-group endings
 * Imperfect: assaill+first-group endings
 * Past historic: assaill+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assaillir/assailler+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: assaill+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: assaill+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assaill+first group endings


 * According to traditional grammarians, is conjugated like a second-group verb in some of its meanings. However these meanings may be hard to distinguish, and there is some hesitation in both directions.
 * has an archaïc alternative conjugation (unsurprisingly identical to the archaic forms of, which is now conjugated as a second-group verb) where the future and conditional use the root défaudr- and the present singular is , ,.

Offrir, ouvrir, souffrir and related verbs
The verbs, , and the latter's derivatives are conjugated like , except that futures and conditionals in -er are much rarer, and they have a past participle in -ert.


 * Souffrir
 * Participles: souffert, souffrant
 * Indicative
 * Present: souffr+ first-group endings
 * Imperfect: souffr+first-group endings
 * Past historic: souffr+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: souffrir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: souffr+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: souffr+second-group endings
 * Imperative: souffr+first group endings

Verbs with an indicative singular shorter than the plural
These verbs represent the original pattern resulting from Latin verbs ending in -īre, whereas those verbs with -iss- formed from Latin verbs in -ēscere. Originally both patterns existed side by side (as in Italian), but over time most moved to the -iss- pattern leading to that pattern being considered "regular" and the short pattern "irregular".

Mentir
A series of verbs lose entirety of the last syllable in the singular present indicative due to historic loss of unstressed vowels followed by consonant assimilations. Compare with Old French verbs — ment, menz, ment,  — dorm, dors, dort, and  — serf, sers, sert, but regular Old French verb  — fenis, fenis, fenist (preserving the -iss- infix, later -ist lost its -s-).


 * Mentir
 * Participles: menti, mentant
 * Indicative
 * Present: mens, mens, ment, mentons, mentez, mentent
 * Imperfect: ment+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ment+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: mentir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: ment+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: ment+second-group endings
 * Imperative: mens, mentons, mentez


 * The verb is derived from  and is a second-group verb.
 * There are two verbs, the first means "come out again" or "stand out" and conjugates like , the other means "to come within the province, the jurisdiction, the purview", and is a second-group verb. They are often confused.
 * There is a tendency to move to a second- instead of a third-group conjugation.

Chauvir
is conjugated similar to, but in the singular indicative present forms, it does not lose the stem's last letter and keeps the regular -ir verb paradigm. This conjugation is dated in usage, and the verb has an alternate conjugation with the -iss- infix, identical to regular -ir verbs, which is more common in the modern day although it is regarded as incorrect.


 * Chauvir
 * Participles: chauvi, chauvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: chauvis, chauvis, chauvit, chauvons, chauvez, chauvent
 * Imperfect: chauv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: chauv+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: chauvir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: chauv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: chauv+second-group endings
 * Imperative: chauvis, chauvons, chauvez

Bouillir
is very similar to, but loses more letters due to its spelling (the consonant lost, , is spelled -ill-). Its future and conditional are often in -er-, but much less commonly than with and its relatives. The verb is also often conjugated as if its infinitive was, and its subjunctive present singular has been conjugated boue, boues, boue instead of.
 * Bouillir
 * Participle: bouilli, bouillant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bous, bous, bout, bouillons, bouillez, bouillent
 * Imperfect: bouill+first-group endings
 * Past historic: bouill+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: bouillir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: bouill+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: bouill+second-group endings
 * Imperative: bous, bouillons, bouillez

Vêtir and courir
These verbs have a past participle in -u. (unlike ) keeps the -t in the indicative present singular. As in earlier periods, literary usage will often conjugate it as a second-group verb. This hesitation goes back to the earliest period of French, though the conjugation given here now predominates. In normal usage, however, the verb and its derivatives have been completely superseded by.

The conjugation of is a mix of  and. This is not surprising given that its original infinitive was (which is still used as the future stem), and was later altered to be more like the latter verb. as a verbal noun is still part of the vocabulary of doghunting:.


 * Vêtir
 * Participle: vêtu, vêtant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vêts, vêts, vêt, vêtons, vêtez, vêtent
 * Imperfect: vêt+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vêt+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: vêtir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vêt+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: vêt+second-group endings
 * Imperative: vêts, vêtons, vêtez


 * Courir
 * Participle: couru, courant
 * Indicative
 * Present: cours, cours, court, courons, courez, courent
 * Imperfect: cour+first-group endings
 * Past historic: courus, courus, courut, courûmes, courûtes, coururent
 * Future/conditional: courr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: cour+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: courusse, courusses, courût, courussions, courussiez, courussent
 * Imperative: cours, courons, courez

Verbs with a variable stem
These verbs display stem variation in the same places as verbs like (future, conditional, indicative and subjunctive present), with the addition of the past historic and subjunctive imperfect (except for ).

Compounds of
The verb itself has fallen out of usage, replaced by   and , but its compounds  are still used.


 * Acquérir
 * Participles: acquis, acquérant
 * Indicative
 * Present: acquiers, acquiers, acquiert, acquérons, acquérez, acquièrent
 * Imperfect: acquér+first-group endings
 * Past historic: acqu+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: acquerr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: acquière, acquières, acquière, acquérions, acquériez, acquièrent
 * Imperfect: acqu+second-group endings
 * Imperative: acquiers, acquérons, acquérez

Tenir and venir
These two verbs are conjugated the same way, as are their derivatives. These verbs are the only verbs where the "perfect" endings (of the past historic and imperfect subjunctive) uses a nasal vowel instead of an oral one. Note the presence of an unusual -ss- after consonants in the imperfect subjunctive and -î- before two consonants.


 * Venir
 * Participles: venu, venant
 * Indicative
 * Present: viens, viens, vient, venons, venez, viennent
 * Imperfect: ven+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vins, vins, vint, vînmes, vîntes, vinrent
 * Future/conditional: viendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vienne, viennes, vienne, venions, veniez, viennent
 * Imperfect: vinsse, vinsses, vînt, vinssions, vinssiez, vinssent
 * Imperative: viens, venons, venez


 * Tenir
 * Participles: tenu, tenant
 * Indicative
 * Present: tiens, tiens, tient, tenons, tenez, tiennent
 * Imperfect: ten+first-group endings
 * Past historic: tins, tins, tint, tînmes, tîntes, tinrent
 * Future/conditional: tiendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: tienne, tiennes, tienne, tenions, teniez, tiennent
 * Imperfect: tinsse, tinsses, tînt, tinssions, tinssiez, tinssent
 * Imperative: tiens, tenons, tenez

Mourir
The conjugation of is similar to that of, but has vowel variation and a very different past participle.


 * Mourir
 * Participle: mort, mourant
 * Indicative
 * Present: meurs, meurs, meurt, mourons, mourez, meurent
 * Imperfect: mour+first-group endings
 * Past historic: mourus, mourus, mourut, mourûmes, mourûtes, moururent
 * Future/conditional: mourr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: meure, meures, meure, mourions, mouriez, meurent
 * Imperfect: mourusse, mourusses, mourût, mourussions, mourussiez, mourussent
 * Imperative: meurs, mourons, mourez

Fuir
The conjugation of and  is particular in having an alternate stem in the indicative imperfect:


 * Fuir
 * Participles: fui, fuyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: fuis, fuis, fuit, fuyons, fuyez, fuient
 * Imperfect: fuy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: fu+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: fuir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: fuie, fuies, fuie, fuyions, fuyiez, fuient
 * Imperfect: fu+second-group endings
 * Imperative: fuis, fuyons, fuyez

was once conjugated like (hence the adjective ) with an infinitive  (, modern ), but this conjugation has been mostly superseded by  a regular second-group conjugation.

Verbs in -oir
These verbs stem from the Latin second conjugation, whose infinitives ended in -ēre. -ē- regularly became -oi- when stressed in French. Unlike -re, there are no regular -oir verbs.

Verbs with a singular present indicative in "-eu-"
These verbs share an irregular future and conditional, and a monosyllabic singular indicative using the vowel ~. They have identical conjugations in several tenses. Vouloir and pouvoir are two of the few verbs whose second-person singular does not always end in -s (in the indicative present, it ends in -x).

Pouvoir
has two possible conjugation in the first person present indicative. The very formal is the original form, supplanted in everyday usage in the 17th century by, reconstructed on the third and second persons. is still considered the only possible form in inverted interrogative construction: The verb, by its very meaning, is unused in the imperative.


 * Participles: pu, pouvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: peux (puis), peux, peut, pouvons, pouvez, peuvent
 * Imperfect: pouv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: pus, pus, put, pûmes, pûtes, purent
 * Future/conditional: pourr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: puisse, puisses, puisse, puissions, puissiez, puissent
 * Imperfect: pusse, pusses, pût, pussions, pussiez, pussent
 * Imperative: nonexistent

Vouloir
The use of the subjunctive forms in the imperative, and indicative present first- and second-person plural for the subjunctive, are 17th century innovations. In the imperative, significant semantic differences exist between the forms. In the subjunctive, the original forms are still in occasional literary usage. The present participle has occasionally been used, particularly in Middle French. It is not entirely clear whether the alternative subjunctive forms and  should be spelt with endings in -iez/-ions or -ez/-ons, since these forms were replaced at a time when spelling was still in significant flux. The spelling with extra is is given here for consistency with most verbs.


 * Participles: voulu, voulant
 * Indicative
 * Present: veux, veux, veut, voulons, voulez, veulent
 * Imperfect: voul+first-group endings
 * Past historic: voulus, voulus, voulut, voulûmes, voulûtes, voulurent
 * Future/conditional: voudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: veuille, veuilles, veuille, voulions/veuillions, vouliez/veuilliez, veuillent
 * Imperfect: voulusse, voulusses, voulût, voulussions, voulussiez, voulussent
 * Imperative: veuille, veuillons, veuillez OR veux, voulons, voulez
 * The obsolete yet reflexive verb is nearly conjugated the same as vouloir, except the conjugations are more uniform: the 1st and 2nd plural subjunctive present forms use the first set endings (doulions, douliez), and the imperative forms use the second set endings (deux, doulons, doulez).

Mouvoir and pleuvoir
Barring the fact that is an impersonal verb, and hence hardly used outside the third person singular or plural (literary license has often done so, but this is rare), and that  traditionally had a circumflex accent on its singular masculine past participle (see below), these verbs are, in fact, conjugated identically:


 * Mouvoir
 * Participles: mu/mû, mouvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: meus, meus, meut, mouvons, mouvez, meuvent
 * Imperfect: mouv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: mus, mus, mut, mûmes, mûtes, murent
 * Future/conditional: mouvr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: meuve, meuves, meuve, mouvions, mouviez, meuvent
 * Imperfect: musse, musses, mût, mussions, mussiez, mussent
 * Imperative: meus, mouvons, mouvez


 * Pleuvoir
 * Participles: plu, pleuvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: pleut, pleuvent
 * Imperfect: pleuvait, pleuvaient
 * Past historic: plut, plurent
 * Future/conditional: pleuvr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: pleuve, pleuvent
 * Imperfect: plût, plussent
 * Imperative: unused

Traditionally, the masculine singular of mouvoir's past participle was written with a circumflex (although not in its derivatives such as ). Abandonment of this diacritical was recommended by the Académie Française in 1990, though usage remains mixed.

Verbs in -evoir
This conjugation includes verbs in -cevoir such as and, as well as  and  (minus the cedillas present in the conjugation of the other verbs). Devoir is slightly distinct in that its masculine singular past participle has a circumflex to distinguish it from the homographic preposition. It was recommended in 1990 that the same accent on redevoir's past participle be abandoned, but usage has not settled on this issue (which is hard to ascertain as redevoir is very rarely used).


 * Recevoir and devoir
 * Participles: reçu, recevant // dû, devant
 * Indicative
 * Present: reçois, reçois, reçoit, recevons, recevez, reçoivent // dois, dois, doit, devons, devez, doivent
 * Imperfect: recev+first-group endings // dev+first-group endings
 * Past historic: reçus, reçus, reçut, reçûmes, reçûtes, reçurent // dus, dus, dut, dûmes, dûtes, durent
 * Future/conditional: recevr+first-group endings // devr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: reçoive, reçoives, reçoive, recevions, receviez, reçoivent // doive, doives, doive, devions, deviez, doivent
 * Imperfect: reçusse, reçusses, reçût, reçussions, reçussiez, reçussent // dusse, dusses, dût, dussions, dussiez, dussent
 * Imperative: reçois, recevons, recevez // dois, devons, devez

Savoir
The original present participle of was, now a noun ("scientist"). Its first-person singular present indicative is pronounced or. Like the verbs, and , this is the last verb with irregular imperative forms (different from present forms) with use of subjunctive forms. The -ch- is a regular development of Latin >.


 * Savoir
 * Participles: su, sachant (archaic savant)
 * Indicative
 * Present: sais, sais, sait, savons, savez, savent
 * Imperfect: sav+first-group endings
 * Past historic: sus, sus, sut, sûmes, sûtes, surent
 * Future/conditional: saur+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: sache, saches, sache, sachions, sachiez, sachent
 * Imperfect: susse, susses, sût, sussions, sussiez, sussent
 * Imperative: sache, sachons, sachez

Voir and its derivatives, including pourvoir
, and  have an euphonic  in several forms (as with verbs in -oyer, this consonant is often extended to all conjugated forms in ), and are the only verbs in -oir whose past historic and imperfect subjunctive is in i instead of u. and have a future in -oira, with pourvoir further conjugating like other verbs in -oir in the past historic and imperfect subjunctive.


 * Voir
 * Participles: vu, voyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vois, vois, voit, voyons, voyez, voient
 * Imperfect: voy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: v+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: verr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: voie, voies, voie, voyions, voyiez, voient
 * Imperfect: v+second-group endings
 * Imperative: vois, voyons, voyez


 * Prévoir
 * Indicative
 * Future/conditional: prévoir+first-group endings


 * Pourvoir
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: pourvus, pourvus, pourvut, pourvûmes, pourvûtes, pourvurent
 * Future/conditional: pourvoir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: pourvusse, pourvusse, pourvût, pourvussions, pourvussiez, pourvussent

Avoir

 * See 

Falloir
This impersonal verb, originally a variant form of is used only in the third person singular, and thus lacks an imperative. Although it once had a present participle, this form has fallen out of usage completely.
 * Participles: fallu, fallant (present participle unused)
 * Indicative
 * Present: faut
 * Imperfect: fallait
 * Past historic: fallut
 * Future/conditional: faudra/faudrait
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: faille
 * Imperfect: fallût
 * Imperative: unused

Valoir
The verbs in this group are the only other verbs beside pouvoir and vouloir with an -x in the second person singular. preserves 's archaic other subjunctive.


 * Valoir
 * Participles: valu, valant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vaux, vaux, vaut, valons, valez, valent
 * Imperfect: val+first-group endings
 * Past historic: valus, valus, valut, valûmes, valûtes, valurent
 * Future/conditional: vaudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vaille, vailles, vaille, valions, valiez, vaillent
 * Imperfect: valusse, valusses, valût, valussions, valussiez, valussent
 * Imperative: vaux, valons, valez


 * Prévaloir
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: prévale, prévales, prévale, prévalions, prévaliez, prévalent

Regularisation of the subjunctive is often encountered in all three directions: ;  and   etc.

Asseoir and derivatives
has a complex conjugation history going all the way back to Old French, where variation in the now rare and defective was known to exist. In modern usage, it has two generally accepted conjugation (dubbed the "oi" and "e" conjugations) and one variant markedly dated future/conditional conjugation (dubbed "eye" conjugation). An additional, nonstandard conjugation (using "i") used mostly in informal usage now exist, tracing back to the origins of the verb, but it is not entirely clear whether its infinitive should be or.

By far the -oi- conjugation predominates in spoken and informal usage, with the -e- forms being considered more literary in most areas (except Belgium). The -eye- forms are even more strongly marked, and are now rare, whereas the -i- are restricted to marked dialectal or informal usage, and more common in North America than Europe (where they are most common in the indicative present). The conjugation in -i- is, in fact, that of (see below), a variation of 's conjugation.

Although has the same conjugation problems as,  uses only forms in -oi-. However, usage has generally been to use a -e- in the future that is not present in. and are defective and use forms in -e- The 1990 spelling reforms recommended suppressing all the extra es in the infinitive or future of these verbs, but usage has not completely settled. An analogical -e- is often restored in the present and future forms of (r)asseoir and surseoir.


 * Asseoir (-oi- conjugation)
 * Participle: assis, assoyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assois, assois, assoit, assoyons, assoyez, assoient
 * Imperfect: assoy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ass+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assoir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: assoie, assoies, assoie, assoyions, assoyiez, assoient
 * Imperfect: ass+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assois, assoyons, assoyez


 * Asseoir (-e- and -eye- conjugations)
 * Participle: assis, asseyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assieds, assieds, assied, asseyons, asseyez, asseyent (archaically assiéent)
 * Imperfect: assey+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ass+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assiér/asseyer+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: asseye, asseyes, asseye, asseyions, asseyiez, asseyent
 * Imperfect: ass+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assieds, asseyons, asseyez


 * Asseoir/Assire (-i- conjugation)
 * Participle: assis, assisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assis, assis, assit, assisons, assisez, assisent
 * Imperfect: assis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ass+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: assis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: ass+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assis, assisons, assisez

Déchoir and échoir
Several forms of these verbs are very uncommon. (The base form is obsolete in Modern French.) Due to their meaning, they are not used in the imperative.


 * Déchoir
 * Participle: déchu, déchéant
 * Indicative
 * Present: déchois, déchois, déchoit, déchoyons, déchoyez, déchoient
 * Imperfect: déché+first-group endings (alternative: déchoy+first-group endings)
 * Past historic: déchus, déchus, déchut, déchûmes, déchutes, déchurent
 * Future/conditional: déchoir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: déchoie, déchoies, déchoie, déchoyions, déchoyiez, déchoient
 * Imperfect: déchusse, déchusses, déchût, déchussions, déchussiez, déchussent
 * Imperative: unused

In older writings a conjugation analogous to the e conjugation of was sometimes used: déchets, déchets, déchet, décheyons, décheyez, décheyent/déchiéent.

Verbs in consonant+re
These verbs stem from the Latin third conjugation, whose infinitives ended in -ere.

General verbs in consonant +re
These verbs (ending in -endre, -andre, -ondre and -rdre, with the addition of, , and ) with all their derivatives differ mostly in a few minor spelling variations, usually to preserve pronunciation.

Common verbs in -dre, battre, foutre and rompre
The only variation between these three groups of verbs is in the treatment of the singular indicative present and imperative. Almost all verbs in -dre have -ds, -ds, -d, but verbs in -ttre may not have *-tts, and so have -ts, -ts, -t, while has -s, -s, -t, although forms in -ts are often encountered. It is also very uncommon in the imperfect subjunctive and past historic, to the point of often being given as defective. The verb is unusual in having the pattern -ps, -ps, -pt.

The -dre verbs (i.e. rendre) are sometimes called "regular" -re verbs despite their relative infrequency. For this reason, among others, while such verbs are included in the third-group verbs category, they were not included in the French irregular verbs category until late 2022.


 * Rendre
 * Participles
 * Past: rendu
 * Present: rendant
 * Indicative
 * Present: rends, rends, rend, rendons, rendez, rendent
 * Imperfect: rend+first-group endings
 * Past historic: rend+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: rendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: rend+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: rend+second-group endings
 * Imperative
 * tu form: rends
 * nous form: rendons
 * vous form: rendez


 * Battre
 * Indicative
 * Present: bats, bats, bat, battons, battez, battent
 * Imperative: bats, battons, battez


 * Foutre
 * Indicative
 * Present: fous, fous, fout, foutons, foutez, foutent
 * Imperative: fous, foutons, foutez


 * Rompre
 * Indicative
 * Present: romps, romps, rompt, rompons, rompez, rompent
 * Imperative: romps, rompons, rompez

Vaincre and convaincre
The conjugation of and its derivatives is characterised by the change of c to qu before vowels (all vowels, unlike Spanish verbs in -car), except for the past participle, where this is not possible. The form vainc takes a euphonic when inverted (Vainc-t-il ? ), by analogy with other third-person singulars ending in -t and -d. These changes are purely orthographic; in pronunciation it is conjugated identically to :


 * Vaincre
 * Participle: vaincu, vainquant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vaincs, vaincs, vainc, vainquons, vainquez, vainquent
 * Imperfect: vainqu+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vainqu+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: vaincr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vainqu+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: vainqu+second-group endings
 * Imperative: vaincs, vainquons vainquez

Verbs in -indre
These verbs in -aindre (, ...), -eindre (, ...) or -oindre (...) differ from the more widespread conjugation of in having forms in -gn- and singular present forms ending in -s and -t rather than -ds and -d.


 * Craindre


 * Participle: craint, craignant
 * Indicative
 * Present: crains, crains, craint, craignons, craignez, craignent
 * Imperfect: craign+first-group endings
 * Past historic: craign+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: craindr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: craign+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: craign+second-group endings
 * Imperative: crains, craignons, craignez

The future and conditional are often formed with a root in -igner- instead of -indr-.

Verbs in -soudre
The verbs, and  all all derived from an obsolete verb. The original regular past participles of dissoudre and absoudre have become adjectives, leading to their modern participles. The masculine form of these participles are anomalous, ending in -s, whereas the feminine is in -te. The 1990 spelling reform recommended masculines in -t. Further, they are commonly given as having no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. Although these two forms are very uncommon, they are in use and easily reconstructed from those of


 * Résoudre
 * Participle: résolu, résolvant (but absous/absoute, absolvant and dissous/dissoute, dissolvant)
 * Indicative
 * Present: résous, résous, résout, résolvons, résolvez, résolvent
 * Imperfect: résolv+first group endings
 * Past historic: résolus, résolus, résolut, résolûmes, résolûtes, résolurent
 * Future/conditional: résoudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: résolve, résolves, résolve, résolvions, résolviez, résolvent
 * Imperfect: résolusse, résolusses, résolût, résolussions, résolussiez, résolussent
 * Imperative:résous, résolvons, résolvez

As with verbs in -indre, the future and conditional are often formed with a root -solver- instead of -soudr-

Prendre
The conjugation of and its derivatives has superficial similarities with that of, but differs in several areas, most noticeably in having a monosyllabic past historic and participle, and losing the d in a number of other places.


 * Prendre
 * Participle: pris, prenant
 * Indicative
 * Present: prends, prends, prend, prenons, prenez, prennent
 * Imperfect: pren+first-group endings
 * Past historic: pr+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: prendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: prenne, prennes, prenne, prenions, preniez, prennent
 * Imperfect: pr+second-group endings
 * Imperative: prends, prenons, prenez

Être
See 

Mettre
The conjugation of this verb and its derivatives is mostly that of, but for the past historic, past participle and imperfect subjunctive, which are those of.


 * Mettre
 * Participle: mis, mettant
 * Indicative
 * Present: mets, mets, met, mettons, mettez, mettent
 * Imperfect: mett+first-group endings
 * Past historic: m+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: mettr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: mette, mettes, mette, mettions, mettiez, mettent
 * Imperfect: m+second-group endings
 * Imperative: mets, mettons, mettez

Coudre
The verb and its derivatives have a root in  where  has a root in pren(n)- or pr-.


 * Coudre
 * Participle: cousu, cousant
 * Indicative
 * Present: couds, couds, coud, cousons, cousez, cousent
 * Imperfect: cous+first-group endings
 * Past historic: cous+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: coudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: cous+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: cous+second-group endings
 * Imperative:couds, cousons, cousez

Moudre
The conjugation of and, which uses the root moul- where  has pren(n)- or pr-, is slowly eroding, with periphrasis used in speech to avoid the forms homonymous with.


 * Moudre
 * Participle: moulu, moulant
 * Indicative
 * Present: mouds, mouds, moud, moulons, moulez, moulent
 * Imperfect: moul+first-group endings
 * Past historic: moulus, moulus, moulut, moulûmes, moulûtes, moulurent
 * Future/conditional: moudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: moul+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: moulusse, moulusses, moulût, moulussions, moulussiez, moulussent
 * Imperative: mouds, moulons, moulez

Suivre
The conjugation of this verb and its relatives are very similar to that of, except for the past participle and the orthographic changes to the singular present indicative:


 * Suivre
 * Participle: suivi, suivant
 * Indicative
 * Present: suis, suis, suit, suivons, suivez, suivent
 * Imperfect: suiv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: suiv+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: suivr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: suiv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: suiv+second-group endings
 * Imperative: suis, suivons, suivez

Vivre
The conjugation of follows that of suivre, but for the past participle, past historic and subjunctive imperfect in vécu- (the stem was originated from metathesis of Latin irregular perfect stem vīx-):


 * Vivre
 * Participle: vécu, vivant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vis, vis, vit, vivons, vivez, vivent
 * Imperfect: viv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vécus, vécus, vécut, vécûmes, vécûtes, vécurent
 * Future/conditional: vivr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: viv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: vécusse, vécusses, vécût, vécussions, vécussiez, vécussent
 * Imperative: vis, vivons, vivez

Verbs in -aître and -oître
The circumflex accent in these verbs was recommended for elimination, except for the forms of that would become homographs of.

Verbs in -aître
All verbs in -aître except and  are conjugated this way. The latter two verbs have a different past participle, past historic and subjunctive imperfect. While some endings are superficially similar to those of, they are etymologically distinct (irregular verbs that do conjugate like finir include and ).


 * Paraître
 * Participle: paru, paraissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: parais, parais, paraît, paraissons, paraissez, paraissent
 * Imperfect: paraiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: parus, parus, parut, parûmes, parûtes, parurent
 * Future/conditional: paraîtr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: paraiss+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: parusse, parusses, parût, parussions, parussiez, parussent
 * Imperative: parais, paraissons, paraissez


 * Although conjugates this way, it is defective.


 * Naître
 * Participle: né, naissant
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: naqu+second-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: naqu+second-group endings


 * is very rare in compound forms, and uncommon in the past historic and subjunctive imperfect. conjugates as  (it is in fact unrelated to ).

Croître and derivatives
Amongst the derivatives of, only has a past participle with a circumflex accent. They are the only word where circumflex accents are added in revised spelling, as all the participles' forms (as opposed to only the masculine singular) would gain one to distinguish them from the forms of and.

The verbs and  only have the accent in the future, conditional, and third-person singular present indicative (there being no such verbs as *accroire and *décroire to confuse them with). Following the 1990 orthographic reforms they have no accent at all (apart from the obligatory one in the third-person singular of the imperfect subjunctive).


 * Croître
 * Participle: crû, croissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: croîs, croîs, croît, croissons, croissez, croissent
 * Imperfect: croiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: crûs, crûs, crût, crûmes, crûtes, crûrent
 * Future/conditional: croîtr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: croiss+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: crûsse, crûsses, crût. crûssions, crûssiez, crûssent
 * Imperative: croîs, croissons croissez


 * Accroître
 * Participle: accru, accroissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: accrois, accrois, accroît, accroissons, accroissez, accroissent
 * Imperfect: accroiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: accrus, accrus, accrut, accrûmes, accrûtes, accrurent
 * Future/conditional: accroîtr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: accroiss+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: accrusse, accrusses, accrût, accrussions, accrussiez, accrussent
 * Imperative: accrois, accroissons accroissez

Verbs in -uire
The conjugation of these verbs is in significant flux in the past historic. is conjugated like a second-group verb, although its original conjugation, based on, is still often encountered.

Regular verbs
In the past historic, forms based on the regular second conjugation are also encountered, particularly with monosyllabic verbs such as, and. In fact, this conjugation has all but supplanted the original in the case of and   (to the point where the tense is often given as unused entirely). and the monosyllabic verbs are almost never used in the imperfect subjunctive. , and  also differ from the "regular" -uire in having a past participle in -i, not -it.

Use of the nonstandard forms varies with the ending: verbs in -duire are found in all forms, but verbs in -truire almost never use the forms in -uîmes and -uîtes, although forms in -uirent are common for both types.


 * Produire
 * Participle: produit, produisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: produis, produis, produit, produisons, produisez, produisent
 * Imperfect: produis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: produis+second-group endings (nonstandard: produ+second-group endings)
 * Future/conditional: produir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: produis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: produis+second-group endings
 * Imperative: produis, produisons, produisez


 * Nuire
 * Participle: nui, nuisant


 * Luire (and reluire)
 * Participle: lui, luisant
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: lu+second-group endings (archaic: luis+second-group endings)
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: Unused (would be luis+second-group endings)


 * is only exceptionally applied to animates, as such it is very rare outside the third persons.

Bruire
Bruire was originally conjugated like (see above) and spelled accordingly:. It is now conjugated like a second-group verb and exceptional out of the third person, but the archaic indicative imperfect forms / may be encountered in literary use.


 * Bruire
 * Participles: brui, bruissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bruis, bruis, bruit, bruissons, bruissez, bruissent
 * Imperfect: bruiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: bru+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: bruir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: bru+second-group endings
 * Imperfect: bru+second-group endings
 * Imperative: bruis, bruissons, bruissez


 * Bruire (archaic conjugation)
 * Participles: brui, bruyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bruis, bruis, bruit, bruyons, bruyez, bruient
 * Imperfect: bruy+first-group endings
 * Imperative: bruis, bruyons, bruyez

Verbs in -ure
The verbs in -ure are in two groups: and, which have a past participle in -u, and  with the much rarer, practically defective  and , whose participle is in -us. Participles and defectivity aside, these verbs have the same conjugation. Due to the homonymy of most of it with what it would be if the infinitives were in -uer, there is a tendency to reconstruct the past historic on that basis.


 * Conclure
 * Participle: conclu, concluant
 * Indicative
 * Present: conclus, conclus, conclut, concluons, concluez, concluent
 * Imperfect: conclu+first-group endings
 * Past historic: conclus, conclus, conclut, conclûmes, conclûtes, conclurent (nonstandard: conclu+first-group endings, i.e. *concluai, *concluas, ...)
 * Future/conditional: conclur+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: conclue, conclues, conclue, concluions, concluiez, concluent
 * Imperfect: conclusse, conclusses, conclût, conclussions, conclussiez, conclussent
 * Imperative:


 * Inclure
 * Participle: inclus, incluant

Croire
All verbs derived from are either defective or obsolete.


 * Participle: cru, croyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: crois, crois, croit, croyons, croyez, croient
 * Imperfect: croy+first group ending
 * Past historic: crus, crus, crut, crûmes, crûtes, crurent
 * Future/conditional: croir+first group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: croie, croies, croyions, croyiez, croient
 * Imperfect: crusse, crusses, crût, crussions, crussiez, crussent
 * Imperative: crois, croyons, croyez

Boire
As with, has no common derived verbs with a full conjugation. The conjugation is similar to that of except with a secondary stem buv- rather than *bev-:


 * Participle: bu, buvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bois, bois, boit, buvons, buvez, boivent
 * Imperfect: buv+first group ending
 * Past historic: bus, bus, but, bûmes, bûtes, burent
 * Future/conditional: boir+first group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: boive, boives, boive, buvions, buviez, boivent
 * Imperfect: busse, busses, bût, bussions, bussiez, bussent
 * Imperative: bois, buvons, buvez
 * Imperative: bois, buvons, buvez

Verbs in -aire
For and, see Appendix:French defective verbs.

Faire
is the second most frequent verb in French (after ). Its two major feature are the pronunciation of forms in fais+vowel, pronounced, as well being one of the few verbs to have a 2nd person plural and 3rd person plural whose does not end in -ez outside the past historic and -ent outside the future tense; respectively. For this reason, both analogical refection of the second person plural present indicative and -e- spellings (*fesant, *fesons, ...) are common in informal speech and writing, particularly as eye dialect.

Since, unlike with, derivatives of carry the irregular second person ending, there is a tendency in many speakers to avoid that form entirely when using those verbs because it is felt to be no less strange than forms in -faisez would be.


 * Faire
 * Participles: fait, faisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font
 * Imperfect: fais+first-group endings
 * Past historic: f+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: fer+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: fass+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: f+second-group endings
 * Imperative: fais, faisons, faites

Plaire and taire
Verbs derived from solely differ from  in having an anomalous circumflex accent in the third person singular of the indicative present. Like other such accents on i, it was recommended to be dropped in the 1990 spelling reform. Both verbs originate from Old French verbs that ended in -aisir, an ending unrelated to the second conjugation's -ir. It is instead inherited from Latin -acēre, i.e. >,  > ,.


 * Plaire
 * Participle: plu, plaisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: plais, plais, plaît, plaisons, plaisez, plaisent
 * Imperfect: plais+first-group endings
 * Past historic: plus, plus, plut, plûmes, plûtes, plurent
 * Future/conditional: plair+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: plais+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: plusse, plusses, plût, plussions, plussiez, plussent
 * Imperative: plais, plaisons, plaisez


 * Taire
 * Indicative
 * Present: tais, tais, tait, taisons, taisez, taisent

Verbs in -traire
Usage and traditional grammar are at odds regarding the question of whether and its close derived terms  have a past historic and imperfect subjunctive or not. In 1877, Littré bemoaned the disappearance of forms in -trayi-. The word-final sequence is uncommon in French, and these verbs are the only ones that would use it. However, the form was long unused already in Littré's time (he did not, in fact, give any examples of it). Forms in -traisi- are encountered fairly often in the 19th century (for example in De Sade and Stendhal), but although still remains exceptional in the offending tenses, modern usage has shifted toward forms in -traya- for its derivatives where the tense cannot be avoided, overshadowing the occasional -trayi- that probably takes inspiration from Littré. This complex situation where no form has "official" sanction leads to other variations, such a third person plural in -airent (mirroring the form found for verbs in -uire).


 * Traire (traditional)
 * Participle: trait, trayant
 * Indicative
 * Present: trais, trais, trait, trayons, trayez, traient
 * Imperfect: tray+first-group ending
 * Past historic: Unused
 * Future/conditional: trair+first-group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: traie, traies, traie, trayions, trayiez, traient
 * Imperfect: Unused
 * Imperative: trais, trayons, trayez


 * Traire (trayi-)
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: tray+second-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: tray+second-group endings


 * Traire (traisi-)
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: trais+second-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: trais+second-group endings


 * Traire (traya-)
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: tray+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: tray+first-group endings

Verbs in -ore
Verbs in -ore pose a dilemma similar to 's family. has fallen completely out of spoken usage, and is phasing out of literary use too, so that it practically does lack the indicative imperfect and past historic as well as the subjunctive imperfect (though exceptional uses are often encountered); the "unused" status of the first and second person plural in the present indicative leaves more room to dispute. However, its derivative remains in common use and, despite what grammars say, is alive and well in these tenses. The same applies to. The major peculiarity of these verb is the presence of a circumflex in the third person singular of the present indicative. Some have expanded it to the future, but this is considered incorrect.


 * Éclore
 * Participle: éclos, éclosant
 * Indicative
 * Present: éclos, éclos, éclôt, éclosons, éclosez, éclosent
 * Imperfect: éclos+first-group endings
 * Past historic: éclos+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: éclor+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: éclos+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: éclos+second-group endings
 * Imperative: éclos, éclosons, éclosez

Verbs in -ire
All verbs in -ire, like those in -uire, show a tendency for the third-person plural past historic to be constructed in -irent on the infinitive. This is likely due to the influence of and , which are particularly common.

Dire and derived verbs
The verbs and  are the last verbs with an irregular second-person plural. Unlike with, all its derived verbs have a regular form in -disez, this provide further incentive for analogical refection of and. Note that is conjugated like, but has a past participle in -it.


 * Dire, redire
 * Participle: dit, disant
 * Indicative
 * Present: dis, dis, dit, disons, dites (nonstandard: disez), disent
 * Imperfect: dis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: d+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: dir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: dis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: d+second-group endings
 * Imperative: dis, disons, dites


 * Interdire
 * Indicative
 * Present: interdis, interdis, interdit, interdisons, interdisez, interdisent
 * Imperative: interdis, interdisons, interdisez


 * Maudire
 * Participles: maudit, maudissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: maudis, maudis, maudit, maudissons, maudissez, maudissent
 * Imperfect: maudiss+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: maudisse, maudisses, maudisse, maudissons, maudissez, maudissent
 * Imperative: maudis, maudissons, maudissez

Suffire, confire and circoncire
These three verbs are conjugated like a "regularized" -dire verb, but differ in their past participles: 's is in -i, 's is in -it, while 's in -is.


 * Suffire
 * Participle: suffi, suffisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: suffis, suffis, suffit, suffisons, suffisez, suffisent
 * Imperfect: suffis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: suff+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: suffir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: suffis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: suff+second-group endings
 * Imperative: suffis, suffisons, suffisez


 * Confire
 * Participle: confit, confisant


 * Circoncire
 * Participle: circoncis, circoncisant

Verbs in -crire
Future (and particularly conditional) forms in écriver- are often encountered.


 * Écrire
 * Participle: écrit, écrivant
 * Indicative
 * Present: écris, écris, écrit, écrivons, écrivez, écrivent
 * Imperfect: écriv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: écriv+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: écrir+first-group endings (nonstandard: écriver+first-group endings)
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: écriv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: écriv+second-group endings
 * Imperative: écris, écrivons, écrivez

Lire

 * Participle: lu, lisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: lis, lis, lit, lisons, lisez, lisent
 * Imperfect: lis+first-group ending
 * Past historic: lus, lus, lut, lûmes, lûtes, lurent
 * Future/conditional: lir+first-group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: lis+first-group ending
 * Imperfect: lusse, lusses, lût, lussions, lussiez, lussent
 * Imperative: lis, lisons, lisez

Rire and sourire
Because of the same phenomenon affecting verbs in -ure, and  are often conjugated in the past historic and imperfect subjunctive as if they ended in -ier.


 * Rire
 * Participle: ri, riant
 * Indicative
 * Present: ris, ris, rit, rions, riez, rient
 * Imperfect: ri+first-group endings
 * Past historic: r+second-group endings (nonstandard: ri+first-group endings)
 * Future/conditional: rir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: ri+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: r+second-group endings (nonstandard: ri+first-group endings)
 * Imperative:ris, rions, riez