Appendix:Hindi verbal derivation

Hindi has a productive verbal derivation process that is applied to both inherited and borrowed verbs. It is characterised by the use of certain suffixes as well as vowel gradation (ablaut).

Intransitive
Intransitive verbal derivations usually treat the subject as the lexical-semantic Patient or Theme of the verb, i.e. they are passive forms of the verb they are derived from; the subject is the one upon whom the verb acts.

These generally take the guṇa grade of their internal vowel. In case where the stem ends in a vowel, a -l- is inserted between the stem and ending for the passivized form.

Transitive
These take either the vṛddhī grade or the suffix.

Causative
These take either the suffix or  on the intransitive form.

Second causative
These take the suffix on the intransitive form. Not every verb has one. Their meaning is of the form "to cause x to make y do something (to z)". The y is an animate, agentive instrument.

Deverbal
These take the root of the verb (i.e. without ) to form a masculine or feminine noun.

CAT:Hindi appendices