Appendix:Indonesian affixes

Words with prefixes and suffixes can be found by looking up their roots. If you do not know the root of a word, you can find it by choosing its prefix on the list below and looking for it there.

ber-
Variations: be- (if the root word starts with letter "r").

Forms a verb that often means "being something, having something, having a certain attribute" or "indicating a state of being or condition". For example the root word  have a general meaning of , thus the verb have a meaning of verb 'to have a value' or '' adjective. The adjective  means , '' means 'to be dangerous', having a dangerous value.
 * Tumbuhan itu berbahaya untuk dimakan - That plant is dangerous to eat

di-
Forms a verb indicating the passive voice, where the main focus of the sentence is on the action or the object of the action. Almost always translated into suffix in English - often corresponds to to be + verb + -ed, but not necessarily. , .
 * Dia ditunjuk menjadi kepala sekolah setelah rapat para guru - He is appointed to be principal after teachers' meeting

ke-
Only used as a confix. See ke-an under confixes below.

meng-
Variations: me-, men-, mem-, meny- (depend on the first letter of the root word):
 * 1) men-: c (caci - mencaci), d (daki - mendaki), j (jadi - menjadi), t (tepi - menepi, first letter disappears)
 * 2) mem-: b (beri - memberi), f, p (punya - mempunyai, sometimes the first letter disappears), v (validasi, memvalidasi)
 * 3) meny-: s (sapu - menyapu, first letter disappears)
 * 4) meng-: a, e, g, h, i, k, o, u
 * 5) me-: l, m, n, r, w

peng-
Variations: pe-, pen-, pem-, peny- (depending on the first letter of the root word):


 * 1) pen-: c (cari - pencari), d (daki - pendaki), j (jilat - penjilat), t (tikung - penikung, first letter disappears)
 * 2) pem-: b (beri - pemberi), f, p (pisah - pemisah, sometimes the first letter disappears), v
 * 3) peny-: s (sapu - penyapu, first letter disappears)
 * 4) peng-: a, e, g, h, i, k, o, u
 * 5) pe-: l, m, n, r, w


 * + noun: forms a noun that indicates a person, agent or thing that has the character of the root word.
 * ' -, another word for  '
 * + adjective: forms a noun that indicates a person or thing that has the quality or attribute inherent in the adjective root word.
 *  - (, a young person)
 * with '-an' suffix: forms a noun referring to a process in the sense of a noun.
 * with '-an' suffix: forms a noun referring to a process in the sense of a noun.

se-
Forms words that indicate a singularity, and the words sometimes are used for measurement (measure words). For example,  becomes  (a fruit, one fruit) which is used for expressing a singular: 'sebuah ' (one ). It's also used to create adverbs that express comparisons to the root word.
 * sepenuh hati ("")
 * menunggu pemberitahuan selanjutnya ("waiting for further notice")
 * menunggu pemberitahuan selanjutnya ("waiting for further notice")
 * menunggu pemberitahuan selanjutnya ("waiting for further notice")
 * menunggu pemberitahuan selanjutnya ("waiting for further notice")

ter-
Variations: te- (if the root word starts with letter "r")
 * + adjective: forms a superlative
 * + non-adjective: forms a passive perfect verb or an accidental and unplanned occurrence.
 * + non-adjective: forms a passive perfect verb or an accidental and unplanned occurrence.

Possessive

 * -ku:
 * -mu:
 * -nya: ,

ke-an
The ke-an confix is used on verbs and adjectives to create nouns. Here are some examples

the ke-an confix can also be used to indicate one is suffering from or to indicate an excessiveness of the noun created.

pe-an
Variations: pem-an, pen-an, peng-an; penge-an, peny-an (depend on the first letter of the root word)

per-an
Forms a noun that often refers to a circumstance referred to by the root word or the result of the action of the verb in the sentence. May also indicate a place or location.
 *  - (marriage ceremony)
 *  - (office complex)