Appendix:Indonesian verbs

Unlike many languages, however, many (or likely all except ) verbs in Indonesian including other Malayic languages are defective to some extent. There is also many examples where meanings change in certain forms (notably → ) However, there is a few truly irregular verbs, notably,  and. Most of this page describe that of formal Indonesian, verb system in the colloquial one is greatly reduced. See also Appendix:Indonesian affixes.

Form structure
There are some constraints: the emphatic suffixes always cooccur with other verbal forms (thus the jussive is coexisting with the imperative), combination *teper- or *terper- never occurs except in and  (terpercaya ←  is a borrowing, this is the reason why Indonesian verbs are otherwise defective), and the suffix -i does not occur in verbs ending in the same vowel -i. Violation of this rule can be observed in speakers influenced by Banjarese and Madurese.

Object enclitics are only used after transitive verb forms, so they cannot be simply used without knowing their meanings first. However, these sometimes can be used following few verbal nouns in the colloquial language, such as /  and, technically as a possessive suffix. Thus kataku means either "my saying" or "I say".

Colloquial Indonesian (which actually derives from Betawi), however, tends to fossilize verb forms into derivations. The suffix -kan usually becomes unrelated, while meng- is simplified into ng- (completely fused with the next consonant).

Ajar
This is the only known fully conjugated verb in Indonesian (has 30 inflected rows, with total of 32 forms), although the active rows and causative rows are morphologically irregular. may be also used irregularly as an imperative, as the root is actually hardly used as such. However, certain forms are relatively rarely used: causative active and causative applicatives rows.

Gunting
Most nominal roots, including the above verb from an etymologically nominal root, are almost fully conjugated (has 33 rows), except the causative involuntary rows.

Buat
Unlike the previous verbs, with only 10 rows are inflected. The causative forms of and the active  has a slightly different meaning, that is "to do" instead of "to make" (the verb "to do" is otherwise supplied by, effectively being suppletive in the meaning (here, these 12 rows are inflected).