Appendix:Japanese Swadesh list (extended)

Conventions used

 * Only words were considered for this list.   and other  have been excluded.
 * Japanese words sometimes function differently than the grammatical categories applied to them. For instance, "not" in Japanese is not a discrete word, but rather a verbal suffix.  Such differences are explained in the Usage and Notes columns.
 * The kanji listed include archaic usage. Do not attempt to blindly use these kanji and expect to be understood.
 * Multiple kanji for a single word are separated by a nakaguro, as in for.
 * Kanji for different words in a single entry row are separated by a comma, as in for.
 * In kanji lists for entry rows with multiple synonyms, nonexistent kanji are indicated by empty brackets, as in for.
 * Japanese "pronouns" are considered by some linguists to be more "referential nouns" than strict pronouns. English pronouns allow no modification -- for instance, you cannot grammatically say "the tall he", and must instead use a relative clause, such as "he that is tall".  In contrast, Japanese "pronouns" can be directly modified, much like regular nouns -- it is grammatical to say .  Furthermore, many Japanese "pronouns" have historically evolved from common nouns, and as such have fundamentally different etymologies from the pronouns utilized in the Indo-European languages for which the Swadesh list was initially developed.  Swadesh was attempting to show  correlations between words from different languages, but the wildly different etymologies of these Japanese "pronouns" defy such correlation.  Certain pronoun entries below are therefore left blank.