Appendix:Latin script/alphabets

Alphabets
Alphabets based on Latin script may be formed by single letters and digraphs, with or without diacritics.

This list should include all alphabets that use Latin script, in their respective alphabetic orders.

Azerbaijani (Azəri) alphabet
The letter Əə was formerly written as Ää before 1992. The overdotted letter İ matches with lowercase (small) i, while regular highercase (capital) I goes with undotted small ı—like in Turkish.

Basque alphabet
The letters C, Q, V, W, Y and their lower case counterparts are used only in words borrowed from other languages.

Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian alphabet
Bosnian and Serbian may also be written in Cyrillic script.

Cheyenne alphabet
High pitch:

Mid pitch:

Whispered: (the tone and voice diacritics may be omitted in writting)

Danish alphabet
The letters C, Q, W, X, Z and their lower case counterparts are used mainly in words borrowed from other languages.

Finnish alphabet

 * Also recognized as part of the orthography, but not the alphabet: Š/š, W/w, Ž/ž (considered variants of S/s, V/v and Z/z respectively).
 * Letters only used in borrowings: B/b, C/c, F/f, Q/q, X/x, Z/z, Å/å (the last of these only used to write Swedish names). In addition, the letters D/d and G/g only show up in specific environments in native words (the latter only as part of the digraph ng).

French alphabet
This is the normal French alphabet.

Galician alphabet
The letters J, K, W, Y and their lower case counterparts are used only in words borrowed from other languages.

Gothic alphabet

 * Each letter also has a numeric value. The letters 𐍁 and 𐍊 are used only as numerals.

Hausa alifabitu
Tones: High: Acute ˊ (e.g. : Áá; optional) High-low falling: Circumflex (e.g. : Ââ) Low: Grave ˋ (e.g. : Àà)

Hawaiian alphabet
Although not part of the Hawaiian alphabet, the following letters are used in Hawaiian words: Ā, Ē, Ī, Ō, Ū, and their respective lowercase versions ā, ē, ī, ō, and ū. The letter T, along with t, can sometimes be found in the place of K and k; this practice is most common on the island of Niʻihau.

Hungarian alphabet
wikisource:Hungarian spelling - Alphabet

Old Hungarian letters
The letters in the first column may be found in family names. Pronounce them the same as their modern counterparts in the second column.
 * aa — á (e.g., Gaal)
 * eé — é (e.g., Veér)
 * eő — ö (e.g., Eötvös)
 * ew — ö (e.g., Thewrewk)
 * oó — ó (e.g., Soós)
 * y — i (e.g., Kölcsey)
 * ch — cs (e.g., Madách); or as /x/ (=kh) (e.g., Dóchannyi)
 * cz — c (e.g., Czuczor)
 * s — zs (e.g., Jósika)
 * th — t (e.g., Csáth)
 * ts — cs (e.g., Takáts)
 * w — v (e.g., Wesselényi)

Lakota alphabet
The acute accent marks the pitch accent on stressed vowels (which have a higher tone than nonstressed ones).

Livonian alphabet
The letters ö (ȫ) and y (ȳ) represent phonemes that have fallen out of use in contemporary Livonian. They’ve been replaced with e (ē) and i (ī) respectively.

Māori alphabet
Although not part of the Maori alphabet, the following letters are used in Maori words: Ā, Ē, Ī, Ō, Ū, and their respective lowercase versions ā, ē, ī, ō, and ū.

Navajo alphabet
Long vowels are indicated by doubling: aa, ee, ii, oo. The acute accent marks the high tone, and a rising tone is shown with the second vowel accented: aá, eé, ií, oó. A falling tone has the first vowel accented: áa, ée, íi, óo. If both are accented, it means a high flat tone: áá, éé, íí, óó. A low flat tone has no accents: aa, ee, ii, oo. The hook indicates a nasal vowel: ąą, ęę, įį, ǫǫ.

Diacritical marks
Portuguese uses several diacritical marks to indicate special features in vowels. Letters with diacritics aren’t considered distinct letters.
 * ´ (acute, occurs over a, e, i, o and u) and ^ (circumflex, occurs over a, e and o) indicate stress. Stress is contrastive. For example, the word fábrica is stressed on fá, meaning “factory”, while fabrica is stressed on bri, meaning “he produces, manufactures”.
 * In vowels where a distinction between open and closed occurs, open is marked with ´ (acute), and closed with ^ (circumflex). (â /ɐ/, á /a/, ê /e/, é /ɛ/, ô /o/, ó /ɔ/).
 * ` (grave, occurs over a) indicates fusion with the preposition ', usually with the article ' forming  (to the). In older orthographies, it was used to mark secondary stress in compound words.
 * ~ (tilde, occurs over a and o) indicates that the vowel nasalised. In most cases, however, nasality is indicated by an m or n in the syllable’s coda.
 * ¨ (trema) is used in loanwords. Previously it was used over u to indicate /w/ in the digraphs qüe, qüi, güe and güi.
 * Cedilla is not considered a diacritic, and only occurs under c, where it is used to indicate soft c (/s/, as opposed to /k/) preceding the vowels a, o and u.

Romanian alphabet
The letters Q, W, Y and their lower case counterparts were formerly considered not part of the alphabet and are used only in words borrowed from other languages.

Spanish alphabet
This is the normal Spanish alphabet. However, words are not alphabetized by it. Please read the notes and sections below.

Acute accents
Spanish uses an ´ (acute) diacritical mark over vowels to indicate a vocal stress on a word that would normally be stressed on another syllable. Stress is contrastive. For example, the word ánimo is normally accented on a, meaning "mood, spirit," while animo is stressed on ni meaning "I cheer," and animó is stressed on mó meaning "he cheered."

Additionally Spanish uses the acute mark to distinguish certain words which would otherwise look the same ("homographs"). The acute accent is used in various question words or relative pronoun pairs such as cómo and como (how), dónde and donde (where), and also in some other words such as tú (you) and tu (your), él (he/him) and el (the).

Diaeresis
Spanish uses a ¨ (diaeresis, two dots) diacritical mark over the vowel u to indicate that the u is pronounced in places where it would normally be silent. In particular, the u is silent in the letter combinations gue and gui, but in words such as vergüenza (shame) or pingüino (penguin), the u is in fact pronounced, forming a diphthong with the following vowel: [we] and [wi] respectively.

Vietnamese alphabet
quốc ngữ.


 * J, W and Z are used only in foreign words; F rarely used by personal preference.


 * Flat tone is not marked
 * High rising tone is marked by an acute accent (ô+◌́= ố)
 * Low tone is marked by a grave accent (ô+◌̀= ồ)
 * Dipping-rising tone is marked by a hook above (ô+◌̉= ổ)
 * High rising glottalized tone is marked by a tilde (ô+◌̃= ỗ)
 * Low glottalized tone is marked by a dot below (ô+◌̣= ộ)

Xhosa alphabet
Tones: High: Acute ˊ (e.g. : Áá) High-low falling: Circumflex ˆ (e.g. : Ââ) Low-high rising: Umlaut/dieresis ¨ (e.g. : Ää) Low: Grave ˋ (e.g. : Àà)

Yoruba alphabet
Tones: High: Acute ˊ (e.g. : Áá) High-low falling: Circumflex ˆ (e.g. : Ââ [=áà]) Mid: Macron ˉ (e.g. : Āā; optional) Low-high rising: Caron ˇ (e. g. : Ǎǎ [=àá]) Low: Grave ˋ (e.g. : Àà)