Appendix:Lower Sorbian conjugation

Lower Sorbian, like most Slavic languages, has a relatively complex system of conjugation. Some forms are inflected, while others are built periphrastically.

Present
The present tense is formed by inflection. The endings found in the present tense are as follows:

There are four conjugation classes, defined by the final letter of the third-person singular:
 * o-conjugation, e.g., third-person singular present
 * i-conjugation, e.g., third-person singular present
 * The i-conjugation includes those whose third-person singular present ends in y, e.g. –.
 * a-conjugation, e.g., third-person singular present
 * j-conjugation, e.g., third-person singular present

Preterite
The preterite is found only in the literary language, and is formed by inflection. The endings found in the preterite are as follows:

Perfect
The perfect is formed periphrastically by means of the present tense of plus the past active participle (or ł-form) of the main verb. It can have either a present perfect or a simple past meaning, e.g. . The participle agrees with the subject for number (singular, dual, or plural) and, in the singular only, for gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). The perfect of, for example, is:

The perfect is the ordinary past tense of the colloquial language.

Pluperfect
The pluperfect is found in the literary language and is formed with the preterite of plus the past active participle (or ł-form) of the main verb. The pluperfect of, for example, is:

Future
The future is formed periphrastically by means of the future tense of (one of the few verbs to have an inflected future) plus the infinitive of the main verb. For example, the future of is:

Besides, the verbs , , and have inflected futures, formed by adding a prefix ( for the first two,  for the third) to the present tense.

Conditional
The conditional is formed periphrastically by means of the invariable verb form plus the past active participle (or ł-form) of the main verb, e.g. the conditional of  is as follows:

Imperative
The imperative is formed only in the second person. The endings are as follows:

Passive
The passive voice can be formed in a variety of ways. The most common methods are to use the reflexive pronoun, as in , or to use the third-person plural impersonally, as in.

In a highly literary style, the passive of can be combined with the past passive participle of the main verb to form a past-tense passive, for example. The complete table of forms is as follows:

In a very casual, colloquial style, the any tense of verb can be combined with the past passive participle of the main verb, for example, ,. This practice is a of the German passive construction with.

Participles
Lower Sorbian has three participles:
 * Present participle, formed by adding -cy to the third-person plural present form, e.g. →.
 * Past active participle, also called the ł-form, formed by replacing the -ś of the infinitive with -ł, →.
 * Past passive participle, formed by replacing the -ś of the infinitive with -ny or -ty →,  →.

Verbs whose infinitive does not end in -ś form the past active and past passive participle in various irregular ways.

Infinitive
The infinitive is the lemma form of the verb; most verbs have an infinitive ending in -ś, though some end in -sć or -c. The infinitive is chiefly used in conjunction with modal verbs, e.g..

Supine
The supine, which is found in the spoken language only in dialects spoken north of Cottbus, and otherwise only in the literary language, is formed by replacing the -ś, -sć, or -c of the infinitive with -t, -st, or -ct respectively. The supine is used after verbs of motion or where motion is implied, e.g.,.

Verbal noun
The verbal noun is formed by replacing the -ś of the infinitive with -nje or -śe, e.g. →,  →. In some cases, both types are attested for the same verb, often with different meanings →  and.

Negation
Verbs are generally negated by means of the prefix, which attaches to finite forms, e.g. –. The verbs and  take the variant njej- ; the verbs  and  take the variant nja- ; and the verb  takes the variant njo-. The verb takes njej- also in the imperative:. The other verbs all take nje- in the imperative.