Appendix:Mandarin Pronunciation/Old National Pronunciation

Introduction
The following table shows the, 老國音 lǎo guóyīn, of Standard Mandarin (official in the from 1919 to 1932) in comparison with the revised, modern pronunciation.

General rules
When converting the modern standard phonology into the Old National Pronunciation, some general rules can be established:


 * 1) The “sharp-round distinction” (尖團音): Alveolar fricatives did not have an alveolo-palatal allophone before closed front vowels, as in the, whereas velars did, thus 心 (xīn, “heart”) and 昕 (xīn,“dawn”) were /sin⁵⁵/ and /ɕin⁵⁵/, respectively; 津 (jīn, “river crossing”) and 金 (jīn, “gold”) were /tsin⁵⁵/ and /tɕin⁵⁵/, respectively.
 * 2) The  initials /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ were included, yet not consistently.
 * 3) The entering tone was preserved, as in Southern Mandarin, with readings mostly based on the Nanjing dialect.

Table
The modern reading is given in and ; the old reading is given in,  (with original tone markers), and IPA. Mainland variants of modern standard readings are marked by superscript “ML”, Taiwanese variants are marked by superscript “TW”.