Appendix:Old Galician-Portuguese personal pronouns

Nominative forms
Nominative forms of Old Galician-Portuguese pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. However, because Old Galician-Portugese verb conjugation implies the subject pronoun, these forms are often omitted except in cases where the subject pronoun is given emphasis.


 * Subject implied by verb:
 * Sõo de Espanha. — “I am from Spain.”
 * Subject given for emphasis:
 * El de Portugal é, pero eu sõo de Espanha. — “He is from Portugal, but I am from Spain.”

Accusative inflection
The third-person pronouns, , , and , have variant forms prefixed with l- or n- which appear depending on the ending of the preceding word. The l- forms are used when the preceding word ends in -r or -s. With that, the sentence “o ajuda r ” can become “ajudá-lo”. The same is applied to “e tu o nega s ?” which can be replaced by “e tu negá-lo?” analogously. The n- forms are used when the preceding word ends with any nasal sound, that is, the sentence “elas o acusa m ?” can be “elas acusam -no ” as the letter  is nasal to that language.

In addition to it, there are two other third-person pronouns and. They generally are suffixed to verbs whose infinitive forms end with -ar and are in the third-person singular of the present tense. See the following examples: amoou-u, amoo-u, amó-u (from am ar ); catoou-u, catoo-u, cató-u (from cat ar ); amoou-us, amoo-us, amó-us; catoou-us, catoo-us, cató-us. The pronouns such as and  can replace them, but only when the verb ends with the ou diphthong as in: am ou -o, am ou -os; cat ou -o and cat ou -os.

In all other situations, the standard forms of the pronouns are used and are not suffixed to the preceding word. In that case, neither nor  are included as they, by contrast, are suffixed to verbs only.

Compounds with con
All personal pronouns may compound with the preposition, but the meaning varies with grammatical person. Such first and second person compounds may function as an objective or reflexive form, e.g., but third person compounds may function only as a reflexive form, e.g..

Dative-accusative contractions
The third-person oblique pronouns, , , , , and even form contractions when they follow the prepositions   or. For example, de el contracts to  and en elas contracts to.

The third-person accusative pronouns, , , , , , , and form contractions when they follow a dative pronoun.

These contracted forms may be added as a suffix to the preceding verb.

Nominative forms
Nominative forms of Old Galician-Portuguese pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. However, because Old Galician-Portugese verb conjugation implies the subject pronoun, these forms are often omitted except in cases where the subject pronoun is given emphasis.


 * Subject implied by verb:
 * Sõo de Espanha. — “I am from Spain.”
 * Subject given for emphasis:
 * El de Portugal é, pero eu sõo de Espanha. — “He is from Portugal, but I am from Spain.”

Accusative inflection
The third-person pronouns, , , and , have variant forms prefixed with l- or n- which appear depending on the ending of the preceding word. The l- forms are used when the preceding word ends in -r or -s. With that, the sentence “o ajuda r ” can become “ajudá-lo”. The same is applied to “e tu o nega s ?” which can be replaced by “e tu negá-lo?” analogously. The n- forms are used when the preceding word ends with any nasal sound, that is, the sentence “elas o acusa m ?” can be “elas acusam -no ” as the letter  is nasal to that language.

In addition to it, there are two other third-person pronouns and. They generally are suffixed to verbs whose infinitive forms end with -ar and are in the third-person singular of the present tense. See the following examples: amoou-u, amoo-u, amó-u (from am ar ); catoou-u, catoo-u, cató-u (from cat ar ); amoou-us, amoo-us, amó-us; catoou-us, catoo-us, cató-us. The pronouns such as and  can replace them, but only when the verb ends with the ou diphthong as in: am ou -o, am ou -os; cat ou -o and cat ou -os.

In all other situations, the standard forms of the pronouns are used and are not suffixed to the preceding word. In that case, neither nor  are included as they, by contrast, are suffixed to verbs only.

Compounds with con
All personal pronouns may compound with the preposition, but the meaning varies with grammatical person. Such first and second person compounds may function as an objective or reflexive form, e.g., but third person compounds may function only as a reflexive form, e.g..

Dative-accusative contractions
The third-person oblique pronouns, , , , , and even form contractions when they follow the prepositions   or. For example, de el contracts to  and en elas contracts to.

The third-person accusative pronouns, , , , , , , and form contractions when they follow a dative pronoun.

These contracted forms may be added as a suffix to the preceding verb.

Possessive determiners and pronouns
Possessive pronouns and pronouns are a special class of personal pronouns which indicate a relationship of ownership or possession. However, they may serve as either as a pronoun or as an adjective.

Usage
The choice of gender and number matches the noun possessed, not the gender and number of the possessor.

The possessives may be suffixed to the preceding word.

Demonstratives
The demonstratives are another class of pronoun that have both pronomial and adjectival functions.

Contractions
The demonstrative pronouns form contractions when used following the prepositions and. For example, de este contracts to and en aquela contracts to.

The demonstrative pronouns also form contractions when they precede the determiner. For example, este outro contracts to and aquelas outras contracts to.