Appendix:Portuguese pronunciation

This page is a guide for reading and adding Portuguese IPA pronunciations. Unless noted otherwise, the information here refers only to Standard European Portuguese and Standard Brazilian Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology.

Phonemes
The transcriptions in the second column are non-canonical and should be replaced by those in the first one.

Stress

 * Monosyllabic words should include a stress mark if they are stressed in sentences ( → but  → ).
 * Secondary stress marks are optional, but recommended.

Sandhi
Sandhi should not be noted in pronunciations of individual words, as it is entirely predictable.

Metaphony
Metaphony is the variation between in the masculine singular of a noun or adjective and  in other forms. Some examples are: The occurrence of metaphony is not predictable; it occurs in several words with stressed o, but not all of them. it can be noted using 1 in pt-noun and pt-adj, and adds nouns to Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphony and adjectives to Category:Portuguese adjectives with metaphony.
 * , plural
 * , feminine singular, masculine plural  , feminine plural
 * , feminine singular, masculine plural  , feminine plural

European Portuguese
The dialectology of modern Galician-European Portuguese established by considers three major dialectal areas: Galician dialects, Northern Portuguese dialects, and Central-Southern Portuguese dialects.

The "standard" European Portuguese of Lisbon is a member of the Central-Southern Portuguese dialects. It is characterized by:
 * Monophthongization of in  to  (e.g.: ouro:, ouvir: ).  (conserved in Northern Portugal dialects)
 * Realization of in  as  (e.g.: ceifar:, feito: ) (characteristic of the Lisbon dialect that spread to the rest of the country)
 * Realization of and  in <ém>/<éns> as  (e.g.: bem:, vens: ) (characteristic of the Lisbon dialect that spread to the rest of the country)

Northern Portugal
Northern European Portuguese dialects, closely related with Galician, are characterized by:
 * Betacism: and  are realized as  or  (e.g.: chuva:, vela: ).
 * Conservation the diphthong in , instead of realizing it as  (e.g.: ceifar:, feito: )
 * Conservation of the diphthong in , instead of merging it with  (e.g.: ouro:, ouvir: ).
 * Conservation of the affricate in , instead of merging it with  (e.g.: chuva:, chamar: ).

Lower Minhoto-Duriense-Beirão

 * Sesseio: and  are realized as apical alveolar fricatives,  and, respectively (e.g.: cozer/coser: ; passo/paço: ).

Upper Minhoto and Transmontano

 * Lack of Sesseio: and  are distinguished from apical alveolar fricatives,  and, respectively (e.g.: cozer:  vs. coser: ; paço:  vs. passo: ).

Central and Southern Portugal
Central European Portuguese dialects are characterized by:
 * Conservation of the diphthong in , except Lisbon where it is realized as  (e.g.: ceifar:, feito: )

Lisbon
Some peculiarities of the dialect from Lisbon are not considered standard:
 * Diphthongization of final in  to  (e.g.: rio:, frio: )

Southern Portugal
Southern European Portugal dialects comprise the Alentejan and Algarvian Portuguese. They are characterized by:
 * Monophthongization of in  to  (e.g.: ceifar:, feito: ).
 * No rendering of intervocalic as.