Appendix:Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions

Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions include those of Ratliff (2010) and Chen (2013).

Ratliff (2010)
The following list of Proto-Hmong-Mien, Proto-Hmongic, and Proto-Mienic reconstructions is from Ratliff (2010: 245-272).

Note on Chinese glosses: The English glosses in Ratliff (2010) are translations of glosses from Wang (1994) and Wang & Mao (1995). Ratliff (2010) does not include the original Chinese glosses. The Chinese glosses below have been compiled from Wang (1994) and Wang & Mao (1995), both of which also include English translations for Chinese glosses.

Note on Chinese comparanda: Chinese comparanda from Ratliff (2010) have also been included. The additional Chinese comparada in the rightmost column are not mentioned in Ratliff (2010); some of the additional Chinese comparanda are from Ostapirat (2016) and the main text of Baxter & Sagart (2014), who explicitly mention the cognacy of the Chinese words with Hmong-Mien. The Old Chinese and Middle Chinese reconstructions are from Baxter & Sagart (2015). When Old Chinese reconstructions from Baxter & Sagart (2015) are not available, Zhengzhang's Old Chinese and Middle Chinese reconstructions are cited in italics instead. Note that not all Chinese comparanda listed are necessarily cognates or related forms.

Chen (2013)
The following list of 513 Proto-Miao-Yao reconstructed forms is from Chen (2013: 905-910). English translations of the original Chinese glosses have also been provided.

The tones are:

Note that the tone notation below has been converted to be consistent with that of Ratliff (2010). Chen's notation makes use of the original Chinese 平, 上, 去, and 入 instead of A, B, C, and D.

Voiceless nasals, transcribed in Chen (2013) as *C̥-, have been transcribed below as *ʰC- for readability.