Appendix:Proto-Palaungic reconstructions

The following list of 885 reconstructed Proto-Palaungic forms is from Sidwell (2015).

Selected reconstructions by semantic category
The following list of Proto-Palaungic reconstructions by semantic category is from Sidwell (2015: 100-111).

Demonstratives

 * *nɔʔ ‘this (prox.)’
 * *neʔ ‘this’
 * *tVj ‘that (dist.)’

Numerals

 * *diːʔ ‘one, alone’
 * *moːh ‘one’
 * *ləʔaːr ‘two’
 * *ləʔɔːj ‘three’
 * *poːn ‘four’
 * *pəsan ‘five’
 * *tɔːl ‘six’
 * *təpuːl ‘seven’
 * *taːʔ ‘eight’
 * *tiːm ‘nine’
 * *kɤːl ‘ten’

Cereal cultivation

 * *sŋɔːʔ ‘paddy rice’
 * *-gɔr ‘ear (of grain)’
 * *rəŋkoːʔ ‘husked rice’
 * *ɓaːʔ ‘paddy rice’ (restricted distribution)
 * *səkɔːj ‘millet’
 * *səɓeʔ ‘millet, Job’s tears’
 * *soːŋ ‘to steam (rice)’
 * *səkaːm ‘chaff, bran’
 * *cəmaːl ‘seed grain’
 * *kənɟaːn ‘sickle’
 * *ʋɔk ‘hook’ / ‘to reap, harvest’
 * *ʋɤc ‘to reap, harvest’
 * *moːl ‘to dibble’
 * *ˀmaːr ‘swidden field’
 * *ɟiək ‘to cultivate’
 * *guːm ‘to winnow’
 * *piɛr ‘winnowing tray’
 * *kroːr ‘granary’

Agriculture and village economy

 * *pɔŋ ‘tuber’
 * *rəɓaːj ‘bean’
 * *kəlɔːŋ ‘seed’
 * *cəmaːl ‘seed’
 * *ləŋaːʔ ‘sesame’
 * *t.kiəl ‘cucumber’
 * *miəm ‘tea’
 * *-meːʔ ‘sugar’
 * *səroːɁ ‘taro’
 * *-piːr ‘pumpkin’
 * *-luŋ ‘eggplant/gourd’
 * *tərɗɔŋ ‘gourd bottle’
 * *rəŋɔ/aŋ ‘knife (iron?)’
 * *ɓoːj ‘dipper, ladle’
 * *kɔk ‘handle of tool’
 * *lak ‘to hoe, hammer’
 * *tiəm ‘to hammer’
 * *bliɛs ‘spear’
 * *plaːʔ ‘blade’
 * *kliːŋ ‘metal bell’
 * *kruːŋ ‘drum’
 * *klɔːŋ ‘drum’
 * *cətuŋ ‘drum’
 * *-ɓeʔ ‘clothes’
 * *-gɤːŋ ‘pillow’
 * *təcɔːs ‘knife’
 * *ʋaːc ‘knife, sword’
 * *-lac ‘needle’ (< ‘insert’)
 * *pəɲeːʔ ‘needle’
 * *ɟiŋ ‘to sew’
 * *cəduːʔ ‘silk’
 * *-siːʔ ‘rope, string’
 * *ruːp ‘fishing net’
 * *ɟɔːr ‘basket’
 * *ɗi(ː)ŋ ‘bamboo container’
 * *baːn ‘tray’
 * *suːr ‘bag’

Fruits and plant products

 * *ɟriːʔ ‘fig, Ficus’
 * *pliːʔ ‘fruit’
 * *ləŋʋaːʔ ‘fig tree’
 * *klɔːj ‘banana’
 * *rəmɔːs ‘banana’
 * *kəɗoːʔ ‘plantain, banana’
 * *rəʋɔj ‘sour fig’
 * *ˀrɤs ‘fig’
 * *cɤ/am ‘to plant’
 * *cənɤ/am ‘herb, medicine’
 * *ˀjɤc ‘drunk’
 * *smɤːʔ ‘vine, cord’

Domesticated animals

 * *bɛʔ ‘goat’
 * *cɔːʔ ‘dog’
 * *-leːk ‘pig’
 * *mraŋ ‘horse’
 * *miɛw ‘cat’
 * *mɤk ‘cattle’
 * *mənaːʔ ‘buffalo’
 * *traːk ‘buffalo’
 * *ʔiɛr ‘chicken’
 * *daːʔ ‘duck’
 * *koːŋ ‘peacock’

Housing and infrastructure

 * *gaːŋ ‘house’
 * *rɔŋ ‘wall’
 * *təʋaːŋ ‘hearth’
 * *rəmɤs ‘bamboo flooring’
 * *tɔ(ː)ŋ ‘ladder, stair’
 * *plaŋ ‘thatching-grass’ (Imperata cylindrica)
 * *-rɔŋ ‘post, pole’
 * *ˀjɤːŋ ‘village’
 * *-ruʔ ‘village’
 * *-ɗeːŋ ‘road, way’
 * *rɔːŋ ‘ditch, channel’
 * *dap ‘to dam’
 * *kroːr ‘granary’
 * *kraːs ‘veranda’
 * *kraːʔ ‘road, way’

Invertebrates

 * *ɓa/ɤr ‘flying ant’
 * *ɓeːŋ ‘spider’
 * *caːr ‘grasshopper’
 * *cɔːʔ ‘red ant’
 * *gɔŋ ‘grub, worm’
 * *ʰraːc ‘maggot’
 * *-lɔːʔ ‘snail’
 * *lVŋ ‘firefly’
 * *maʔ ‘insect’
 * *-mɔːt ‘weevil’
 * *mrɤɲ ‘body louse’
 * *ɲaŋ ‘caterpillar’
 * *ŋruːɲ ‘ant/termite’
 * *pəsiɛr ‘bee’
 * *plɤːm ‘leech (land)’
 * *-praːŋ ‘mosquito’
 * *raːk ‘termite’
 * *rɔːj ‘housefly’
 * *-riːt ‘cricket’
 * *-riɛŋ ‘wasp’
 * *saːj ‘bee, wasp’
 * *smuːc ‘ant’
 * *suːt ‘bee’
 * *ʋaːk ‘insect, worm’
 * *-ʔiːp ‘centipede’
 * *-ʔɔːr ‘hornet’
 * *kəʔaːɲ ‘wasp’