Appendix:Proto-Semitic stems

This appendix provides lists of Proto-Semitic stems from various sources.

Kogan (2012)
The following Proto-Semitic reconstructions have been compiled by Leonid Kogan (2012) from Fronzaroli's Proto-Semitic reconstructions, the Semitic Etymological Dictionary (SED) by Alexander Militarev and Leonid Kogan, and other sources.

Comparisons
This is a list of Proto-Semitic stems (triconsonantal roots and extensions) with their reflexes in several Semitic languages (i.e. actually-pronounced forms with vowels, as opposed to Semitic pure consonantal roots). Only stems attested in Akkadian, or with cognates in other Afroasiatic groups, can be confidently included in Proto-Semitic; others must be placed in West Semitic. There is some controversy in Semitic linguistics over the sibilants' pronunciation.

Proto-Semitic stems and their reflexes:

Animal names

 * Note: "ś" is used to transliterate Ge'ez śin, which could represent either "ś" or "s", depending on the word and time period.

Proto-West-Semitic stems
This is a list of cognates for which no Akkadian cognate is known or attested.

The initial /i/ in "ibn" is dropped or dilated when the word is not opening the speech in standard Arabic, and several spoken varieties, such as Najdi.