Appendix:Russian verbs

Classification
Verbs on Wiktionary are classified according to the system devised by Russian linguist (Russian: Андре́й Зализня́к). This system, devised in 1980, is somewhat intricate but detailed, and divides verbs based on their properties such as stem shape, stress patterns and other features. Each individual type of verb is described in this system by a combination of numbers, letters and other symbols, which identify all of the verb's properties.


 * Note: not all Zaliznyak's conventions have been implemented in the templates. Irregular past tense stress patterns and exceptions are handled by passing additional parameters. Variants are also available for all forms.

Verb classes (types)
There are 16 numbered verb classes, which are split up based on the final consonants of the stem, as well as certain alternations that take place in the stem.


 * 1) type, examples:
 * -ать (-аю, -ает, ают)
 * -ять (-яю, -яет, яют)
 * -еть (-ею, -еет, еют)
 * See Category:Russian class 1 verbs
 * Templates:
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b)
 * -овать (-ую, -ует/-уёт, -уют)
 * -евать (-юю, -юет/-юёт, юют), (-ую, -ует/-уёт, -уют) (after ш, щ, ж, ч, ц)
 * See Category:Russian class 2 verbs
 * Templates: ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b),  (c)
 * -нуть (-ну, -нет/-нёт, -нут) (marked with ° loses -ну- засо́хнуть - засо́х)
 * See Category:Russian class 3 verbs
 * Templates:, , ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b),  (c)
 * -ить (-ю, -ит, -ят), (-у, -ит, -ат) (after ш, щ, ж, ч, ц)*
 * See Category:Russian class 4 verbs
 * Templates:, ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b),  (c)
 * -ать, -ять, -еть (-ю, -ит, -ят), (-у, -ит, -ат) (after ш, щ, ж, ч, ц)*
 * See Category:Russian class 5 verbs
 * Templates:, ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b),  (c)
 * -ать, -ять (-ю, -ет/-ёт, -ют), (-у, -ет/-ёт, -ут) (after ш, щ, ж, ч, ц) (marked with ° have no standard consonant interchange, e.g. соса́ть - сосу́)
 * See Category:Russian class 6 verbs
 * Templates:, ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b)
 * -зти/-зть (-зу, -зет/-зёт)
 * -сти/-сть (-су, -сет/-сёт, -сут; -ду, -дет/-дёт, -дут; -ту, -тет/-тёт, -тут; -сту, -стет/-стёт, -стут; -бу, -бет/-бёт, -бут)**
 * See Category:Russian class 7 verbs
 * Templates: ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b),  (c/b)
 * -чь (-гу, -жет/-жёт, -гут; -ку, -чет/-чёт, -кут) (marked "г" and "к")
 * See Category:Russian class 8 verbs
 * Templates:, ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b)
 * -ереть (-ру, -рет/-рёт, -рут)
 * See Category:Russian class 9 verbs
 * Templates: ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (с)
 * -олоть, -ороть (-олю, -олет, -олют; -орю, -орет, -орют; -елю, -елет, -елют)
 * See Category:Russian class 10 verbs
 * Templates: ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b)
 * -ить (-ью, -ьет/-ьёт, -ьют)
 * See Category:Russian class 11 verbs
 * Templates: ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b)
 * -ыть (-ою, -оет, -оют)
 * -уть (-ую, -ует, -уют)
 * -ить (-ию, -иет, -иют) (also includes греть, петь, брить)
 * See Category:Russian class 12 verbs
 * Templates: ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (b)
 * -авать (-аю, -аёт, -ают)
 * See Category:Russian class 13 verbs
 * Templates:
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b),  (c)
 * -ать/-ять (-ну, -нет/-нёт, -нут)
 * -ать/-ять (-му, -мет/-мёт, -мут)
 * -ять (-иму, -имет/-имёт, -имут) (marked with letters н, м, им or have special stems: занять - займ, принять - прим, взять - возьм)
 * See Category:Russian class 14 verbs
 * Templates:, ,
 * 1) type, examples:  (a)
 * -ть (-ну, -нет, -нут)
 * See Category:Russian class 15 verbs
 * Templates:
 * 1) type, examples:  (a),  (b)
 * -ть (-ву, -вет/-вёт, -вут)
 * See Category:Russian class 16 verbs
 * Templates: ,


 * All Russian verb templates, including irregular verb templates can be found in Category:Russian verb inflection-table templates.

Stress patterns
Russian verbs have three different stress patterns. These are indicated with Latin letters:
 * a - the stress is always on the stem.
 * b - the stress is always on the ending, except when there is no vowel in the ending.
 * c - the ending is stressed for the 1st person sg present/future and imperatives, all other forms are stressed on the stem.

In addition, an X indicates the stress pattern is shifted compared to other members of the same type (минова́ть, шлифова́ть) (???).

Verbs may have a different stress pattern in the present (for imperfective verbs) or future (for perfective verbs) than they do in the past tense and infinitive. This is indicated with /. Thus, a/b means present/future forms are always stressed on the stem, the past tense is stressed on the ending. The anomalous verb is marked as c' (full type: 5c'^) because it has an irregular stress pattern: хочу́, хо́чешь, хо́чет, хоти́м, хоти́те, хотя́т, imperative: хоти́, хоти́те.

Notes and legend
* Types 4 and 5. If infinitive ends in a consonant before -ить (4) / -ать, -ять, -еть (5) of the first level of interchange, in 1st person present/future the consonant is replaced with the consonant of the 2nd level. 1When verbs are marked with -щ-, т is replaced with щ, not ч: похи́тить - похи́щу.

** Verbs are marked с, д, т, ст, and б for the correct choice of stems.

*** A star "*" means that verbs with prefixes во/в, предо/пред, обо/об, надо/над, lose "о" in present/future forms. разобра́ть - разберу́ (6°b/c)

*** Verbs marked with letter "ш" (шипящий звук) change ending as per spelling rules for vowels after hushing sounds ш, щ, ж and ч. (ю - у, я - а, etc.)

*** Verbs marked with letter "сс" (согласный (?)) have two consonants in the end of the stem (imperative ends not in ь but и)

*** ^ - special cases.

Conjugation
Conjugation I and Conjugation II

Conjugation II (-у/-ю/-у́/-ю́, -ит/-и́т) includes most verbs that end in "-ить", except for бить, брить, вить, жить, лить, пить, шить, стелить, and зиждиться. It includes some verbs ending in -еть such as видеть, зависеть, ненавидеть, обидеть, and смотреть and some verbs ending in -ать such as держать, слышать, дышать. It also includes both verbs бояться and стоять.

Conjugation I (-у/-ю/-у́/-ю́, -ет/-ёт) includes all other verbs that don't belong to Conjugation II


 * Спряжение глаголов
 * Conjugation I
 * Гнать, держать, смотреть и видеть,
 * Дышать, слышать, ненавидеть,
 * И зависеть, и вертеть,
 * И обидеть, и терпеть –
 * Вы запомните, друзья,
 * Их на "Е" спрягать нельзя.
 * Conjugation II
 * Ко второму же спряженью
 * Отнесём мы без сомненья
 * Все глаголы, что на -ить,
 * Исключая брить, стелить. (exceptions)
 * А ещё: смотреть, обидеть,
 * слышать, видеть, ненавидеть,
 * гнать, дышать, держать, терпеть,
 * И зависеть, и вертеть.

Present tense
Letter "е" in endings, e.g. -ет or similar becomes -ёт when stressed.

Stress patterns used: a, b, c, c’

For present tense and imperatives the letters mean the following:

a - The stem is always stressed (multisyllabic stems can be stressed anywhere but the stress doesn't move in the conjugation).

b - The ending is always stressed.

c - The stressed alternates. In the first person singular and in the imperative the ending is stressed, in other forms the stem is stressed.

c’ - Irregular stress pattern.

Conjugation I


 * a/:
 * -у/-ю*, -ешь, -ет, -ем, -ете, -ут/-ют*


 * b:
 * -у́/-ю́*, -ёшь, -ёт, -ём, -ёте, -у́т/-ю́т*


 * c/:
 * -у́/-ю́*, -ешь, -ет, -ем, -ете, -ут/-ют*

Conjugation II


 * a/:
 * -у/-ю*, -ишь, -ит, -им, -ите, -ат/-ят*


 * b/:
 * -у́/-ю́*, -и́шь, -и́т, -и́м, -и́те, -а́т/-я́т*


 * c/:
 * -у́/-ю́*, -ишь, -ит, -им, -ите, -ат/-ят*

* ю changes to у and я changes to а after letter ш, щ, ж and ч

Note: reflexive ending "-ся" is never stressed in the present tense. Note: the verb "хотеть" and derivatives has an irregular stress pattern (c’): хочу́, хо́чешь, хо́чет, хоти́м, хоти́те, хотя́т

Past tense
Stress patterns used: /a, /b, /c, /c’’ (see notes)

/a

the stem is always stressed -л, -ла, ло, -ли -лся, -лась, -лось, -лись

/b

the ending is always stressed, except for 0-ending: -л/(0)*, -ла́, ло́, -ли́ -лся/(0)*ся, -ла́сь, ло́сь, -ли́сь

/c

only the feminine form is stressed: -л/(0)*, -ла́, ло, -ли (this pattern is not used with reflexive verbs)

for reflexive verbs only:

/c’’

-лся/лся́**, -лась/-ла́сь, -лось/-ло́сь, -лись/-ли́сь

* Suffix "-л" is not added to masculine forms after consonants. ** Stressing -лся́ in the masculine of reflexive verbs is becoming out-of-date


 * Note: Non-standard (i.e. /b and /c) past tense stress patterns are handled by additional parameters. Letters "a", "b" and "c" are only used for present tense subtypes by the verb module.
 * Note: the verbs "дать" and "взять" have special stress patterns: дал, дала́, да́ло/дало́, да́ли; взял, взяла́, взя́ло/взяло́, взяли

Present participle
To form 3rd person plural present tense form is taken, "-т" is dropped, "-щий" is added:

де́лают -> де́лающий (делать); ве́рят -> ве́рящий (верить)

Stress: conjugation I - 3rd person singular, conjugation II - 1st person singular (when stresses are different).

Slavic iotation
The following alternation of consonants occurs as a result of Proto-Slavic iotation, which was triggered by a -j- following the consonant. Certain forms of some verbs may be affected by this.

* 1For some verbs (marked with -щ- by A. Zaliznyak), т is replaced with щ, not ч: похи́тить - похи́щу, защити́ть - защищу́.