Appendix:Tagalog spellings

This appendix details the orthographical considerations for Tagalog (or its standardized form, Filipino) according to the 2013 Ortograpiyang Pambansa (National Orthography) of the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF). This page only covers spelling rules designed for Tagalog; other major Philippine languages may have their own spelling rules that differ from KWF's recommendations.

The modern Tagalog language evolved from Old Tagalog, which used the baybayin script and used by the ancient Tagalogs. As the Spanish arrived, Tagalog adopted the Roman alphabet, and through time, various reforms have been done.

Pre-Hispanic period
Before the Spanish arrived, the Tagalogs used the baybayin script, an abugida (alphasyllabary). From the 1600s to the 1700s, the use of baybayin declined as the Spanish introduced the Latin alphabet.

Introduction of Latin script
Tagalog, as well as most Philippine languagaes, was first written using a Spanish-based alphabet called the, with 28 to 32 letters. K and W are not used until the introduction of the abakada.

Historical Tagalog spellings are as follows:


 * Spanish loanwords were kept in their original spellings, except words that were corrupted as they were borrowed (e.g. from ),
 * Initial I was first written with Y until Spanish takes on its present orthography and modern form, e.g.
 * H, a common sound in Philippine languages, is pronounced, unlike in Spanish (Spanish /h/ [x] is transcribed as J).
 * /k/ was represented by C (before A, O, and U, e.g., , ), QU(before E and I, e.g. , ). G before E and I is spelled GU (e.g. ).
 * /w/ was represented by U (e.g., ), and the diphthong /au/ is represented by AO (e.g. ). Words like and  were spelled  and.
 * /ŋ/ was represented by either ÑG, NG̃ or N͠G (e.g. were spelled,  or . The spelling of the particles  and  originate from Spanish-era contractions of  and.
 * Contractions are spelled with double commas, e.g. were spelled
 * Diacritics were required in vowels, like in Spanish, but with the addition of the circumfix and grave to represent final glottal stops.

19th-century reforms
Attempts to "indigenize" the Tagalog alphabet through the the adoption of K and W were originally opposed, but gained support during the prelude to the Philippine Revolution. Also at that time, José Rizal, during his exile (destierro) in Dapitan, proposed a new orthography for Tagalog, which better reflects its baybayin roots, which would become the basis of the abakada. Spellings using K gained acceptance as it was used for Tagalog words in the Spanish-Tagalog translating dictionaries by Pedro Serrano-Laktaw and was widely used by the Katipunan, nevertheless, Tagalog spelling is not completely standardized until the mid-20th century and spelling varied by the writers' preference.

Reforms
José Rizal's proposal became the basis of the alphabet adopted along with the elevation of Tagalog as the national language in 1935, and the abakada was formally made the national alphabet in 1941. At this stage, most established Spanish loanwords from the 19th century onward begin to take on their present spelling.

Tagalog orthography radically changed in the 1970s, amidst controversies surrounding purism on the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (SWP, Institute of the National Language), which resulted in the modern alphabet in use today. A change in the abakada in 1977 added 11 letters, resulting to the 31-letter pinagyamang alpabeto ("enriched alphabet") but some letters were removed in 1987 by KWF's predecessor, the Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas, resulting to the present 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet.

The orthography was reformed with the 2007 orthography, which superseded many alternative spellings and detailed rules on when to use loanwords. Another reform in 2013 which took effect in 2014 affirmed the full use of the 8 letters added to the Filipino alphabet, and reinforced etymological spelling of loanwords (such as discouraging interchanging I/E and O/U depending on the word's donor language and is-/es- to signify English or Spanish origin on words with S+consonant cluster).-

Glottal stops (tunog na paimpit)
Glottal stops are generally indicated using:


 * a hyphen (, e.g. ), where the glottal stop is found between a consonant and vowel
 * a circumfix (, e.g. ), where the glottal stop comes after a stressed last syllable
 * A grave (, e.g. ), where the second to last syllable is stressed and the glottal stop is on the end.

Glottal stops before vowels, which are natural in Philippine languages, are not indicated in spelling. The glottal stop disappears when followed by another word and the vowel is lengthened by some speakers, but is generally retained.

Syllabification
Tagalog words can have these syllable structures: V, CV, CVC, CCV, VCC, CVCC, CCVC, CCVCC, CCVCCC.

Rules on syllabification are as follows:


 * 1) When there are two or more vowels in the initial, central and final positions, each are hyphenated separately.
 * 2) When there are two consecutive consonants within a word, the first are included on the preceding syllable while the second in the following one.
 * 3) When there are three consecutive consonants in the word, the first two follows the vowel of the preceding syllable and the third goes to the following syllable
 * 4) When the first of three consecutive consonants is an M or N and the following are either BL, BR, DR, PL, and TR, the first consonant follows the vowel of the preceding vowel, and the remaining two goes to the following syllable.
 * 5) When there are four consecutive consonants within a word, the first two follows the vowel of the previous syllable, and the other two are part of the following syllables.

Loanwords
A radical change in Tagalog orthography is the addition of the letters C, F, J, Ñ, Q, V, and Z, which allows retaining the spellings of words in other indigenous languages where they are used. New loanwords from foreign languages are also covered by the new alphabet, so they are allowed to be kept in their original spellings.


 * Borrowings from other Philippine languages: Loans from other Philippine languages with sounds not found in Tagalog do not have to be respelled to abakada. This is the case when they are spelled with the seven new letters of the Filipino alphabet. For example, the name of the Ifugao tribe and language do not have to be respelled to to conform to abakada spelling, but can be spelled as.
 * New loanwords: New loanwords from Spanish, English and other foreign languages do not have to be respelled to abakada. New loans from Spanish (e.g. futbol, fosil, visa, vertebra) do not have to respelled into the abakada, if they are not listed in these two major dictionaries, the Diccionario tagalo-hispano (1914) by Pedro Serrano-Laktaw, and the Diksiyunaryo-tesauro Pilipino-Ingles (1972) by Jose Villa Panganiban. English loanwords are not required to be respelled as well (e.g. fern, folder, jam, jar, envoy, develop)
 * Previous Spanish loanwords: Previous Spanish loanwords are kept in their existing spelling using the abakada.
 * Proper nouns: Proper nouns from foreign languages are kept in original spelling.
 * Experimental respelling of English and other borrowings: Respellings of borrowings from English and other foreign languages are permitted, provided they are easy to read, and take in consideration their cultural, religious, and political roots, and is not confused with another native word.
 * Preference on Spanish borrowings: Due to the problems that arise when respelling English loanwords, borrowing from Spanish is preferred, especially where the English term to be borrowed is similar, as the Spanish orthography has better sound and letter correspondences with Tagalog than English. For example, instead of borrowing English and respelling it to the lengthy *istandardiseysiyon,, borrowing from Spanish  is used.
 * Special case for y: Y (from Spanish, meaning "and") is not respelled into i when used as part of a personal name with the maternal surname last (e.g. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy), or used with Spanish-derived numerals (e.g. ).
 * Cases of Spanish borrowings with H pronounced. The letter H is not pronounced in Spanish, but in some loanwords, the H is kept to prevent confusion with a similar word. For example, Spanish, with the sense "history" is borrowed into Tagalog as  to prevent confusion with  , also from the same etymon, but with the sense of "story". The also is also done with  (from Spanish), which is borrowed without change to prevent confusion with native , so are the related terms.
 * The letter J: J is generally used to represent /d͡ʒ/, and is not used on Spanish loanwords (except proper nouns) spelled with that letter (and pronounced /h/), which are phonetically respelled into H (e.g. become ). The letter J is used on new borrowings from English and other foreign languages where spelled with J like jet, jazz, jester, jujitsu, but not those with /d͡ʒ/ which written with a different letter like in general, generator an region, if they will be borrowed, may be respelled phonetically with DY as *dyeneral, *dyenerator, and *ridyon. English loanwords with J respelled to DY (e.g., , ) do not have to be restored to their original spellings.

Vowel clusters/diphthongs
Diphthongs or vowel clusters  composed of a weak vowel like /i/ and /u/ at the initial position are treated in two ways.


 * The first vowel disappears and is replaced by a y or w when the vowel pair is entirely in the second or another syllable of a word, e.g., ,.
 * The first vowel is retained and a y or w is inserted if:
 * 1) the vowel pair follows a consonant in the first syllable of a word, e.g.  (/ˈtia/),  (/siˈa/). An apostrophe replaces the first vowel if one wishes to omit the it when writing its spoken form, e.g. s'ya for siya.
 * 2) the vowel pair follows a consonant cluster inside the word, e.g.  (/im'pierno) instead of,  (/indusˈtria/) instead of *industrya). This is done for ease of hyphenation, to help learners of the language.
 * 3) the vowel pair follows a /h/ sound (a weak consonant), e.g.  (/koleˈhio/) instead of *kolehyo and  (/ɾɛhiˈon/) instead of *rehyon.
 * 4) the vowel pair is at the end of the word and the first vowel in the pair is stressed in the original form of the word, e.g.  (/ekonoˈmia/).

For vowel clusters with hard vowels like /a/, /e/ and /o/, there is no need to insert a y or w between the vowels, e.g., ,. Variants are permitted, by the way, e.g. is a variant of. That said, au, as a diphthong, is often transcribed as aw, that words like haula (from Spanish ) are also written, like in Rizal's original alphabet and orthography for Tagalog.

Consonant clusters and digraphs

 * 1) The pairs sk and st: Words ending with the consonant clusters sk and st are permitted, unlike under the older abakada orthography where the second consonant is dropped, e.g.  (from English ) can also be spelled, and  can be borrowed without respelling.
 * 2) The consonant pair kt: Tagalog words cannot end with the consonant cluster kt, e.g.  (not *aspekt),  (not *korekt),  (not *adikt)
 * 3) Digraphs ch and sh: The digraph ch (IPA: /t͡ʃ/), found in loanwords and some slang is generally transcribed into ts. There is still hesitancy to accept the digraph sh, which can be kept or respelled according to Tagalog phonology, but the digraph is used in the orthography for Ibaloi, a Cordilleran language spoken in Benguet.

E vs. I, and O vs. U
In native words, distinction of i and e or of u and o is irrelevant, and can change freely, but there are general rules regarding spelling words with those sounds.


 * E and I
 * Interchanging e and i and vice versa are to be avoided in spelling.
 * E followed by an s indicates a Spanish loanword, and I following s for English loanwords starting with s and a consonant cluster, e.g. is from, while  from.
 * O vs U
 * Interchanging o and u, and vice versa are to be avoided as well.
 * O followed by N that becomes M before B, F, P and V can change to U, e.g. (from ), but not  (from ) which should have been spelled as.
 * E and O at the final syllable should not be changed to I and U respectively when the root word is followed by the enclitic, or the root is reduplicated, except when intending to quote or imitate speech (e.g.  can be spelled ) or the new word has a significantly different meaning from its root (e.g.  vs
 * O becomes U and E becomes I when followed by a suffix, e.g. +  becomes,  +  becomes.
 * Exceptions: if the root is a loanword with an /e/, the letter should be retained when suffixed, e.g. +  should be, not *.
 * The vowel pair oo should be kept even when followed by a suffix, e.g., and the suffixed form is . The same rule applies where the word ends with the vowel pair uo.

D/R allophony
In general, Tagalog D becomes R following an A, e.g. becomes  when the prefix  is added, but not in. This is done for ease of pronunciation.


 * Daw vs. raw, and din vs rin: Daw is usually raw when followed by a vowel or a gliding consonant (w and y), so is din, which becomes rin. This rule, however, does not apply when the preceding word has a syllable starting with r.
 * Exceptions: Some words starting with D are normally written without change when following an A, e.g. in  (though there is ) and  in  (though there is ). Sometimes, there are similar words that have different meanings when spelled with a D or an R.

All those mentioned are just rough guidelines, but not formal spelling rules, so following a vowel is still accepted.

Accents
Accents ( or ) are generally used to aid in pronunciation of homonyms, and are not required in writing. Under the Balarila by Lope K. Santos, there are three accents used in Tagalog:


 * The acute indicates a stressed syllable, pronounced quickly.
 * The circumflex indicates stress followed by a glottal stop.
 * The grave indicates a final glottal stop.

Indicating stress by an acute accent is encouraged, especially when distinguishing between homonyms, both within Tagalog and with other Philippine languages, e.g. vs

The prefix may be spelled with an acute accent when it indicates an accidental action or event to distinguish it from a homophone with a different part of speech or a similarly-spelled word, e.g.  vs,  vs ,  vs , and  and.

Hyphens
Hyphens have multiple uses in Tagalog spelling.


 * Reduplications: Hyphens separate words in reduplications e.g. ,
 * Onomatopoeias: Hyphens are used to indicate onomatopoeic writing of each syllable, e.g.
 * Final consonant followed by initial vowel: Hyphens are inserted where a syllable ends with a consonant and is followed by another beginning with a vowel, e.g., , , ,
 * Word boundaries
 * Hyphens separate the first syllable of a word formed from a proper noun, e.g, ,
 * Hyphens also separate the first syllable of a word formed from a loanword kept in its original spelling, e.g. ,
 * Unusual pronunciations: Hyphens are also used to indicate stress on an unusual pronunciation of the first syllable, e.g..
 * New compound words: Hyphens are used to separate the two words in all new compound words, e.g.,.
 * Time notation: Hyphens are used to separate and  from numerals when writing times and dates. Only exception is, is always spelled, and should not be written as *ala-1
 * Words prefixed with de-: Hyphens are used in words with the Spanish-derived prefix, e.g. , ,
 * Words prefixed with di-: Hyphens are used in words prefixed with (shortening of ) that has a meaning that are idiomatic or proverbial, is a common antonym of its root, or has jocular or derisive connotations.

Abbreviations
Abbreviation of names and associated elements (titles, salutations, positions, ranks) are written with periods.


 * (for )
 * (for )
 * J.P. Rizal (for Jose Protacio Rizal)
 * (for )

Initialisms are written without periods.


 * (for )
 * (for Barko ng Republika ng Pilipinas)
 * (for Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas)
 * (for )
 * (for ''Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Abbreviations with more than three letters of all other words are also written with periods.


 * (for )
 * (for )
 * (for )
 * (for )
 * (for )

Capitalization
The following are capitalized in Tagalog:


 * Proper nouns and derived terms
 * Personal names, except de, de la, dela, de los, delos in surnames (unless at the beginning of a sentence).
 * Names of God, deities, and religious figures (e.g., , , )
 * Names of organizations (e.g. )
 * Names of religions and religious texts (e.g., , , )
 * Nationalities, ethnicities and races (except names of food, clothes, and the like derived from those) (e.g., , , ,  but not , , )
 * Names of historical events, holidays, and festivities (e.g., , , )
 * Place names, except ng
 * Names of academic concepts (e.g. ideologies, art styles or movements, especially where derived from a proper noun) and scientific ideas
 * Names of days and months (e.g., )