Appendix:Telugu verbs

According to A grammar of Modern Telugu (1985) by Bh. Krishnamurti and J. P. L. Gwynn, Telugu verbs are grouped into 6 classes, the last of them is reserved for irregular verbs. Usually, the lemma or citation form for verbs is the same as the second person singular imperative (there are few exceptions to this rule, such as : ). Conjugation in Telugu is more complicated, when compared to other Dravidian languages, due to many morphological changes, including regular ablaut (actually termed "vowel harmony") and syncope.

Past tense
Sorted as B2, taken from the principle part B. Here are the rules: Rayalaseema and Telangana dialects have distinct set of endings:
 * 1) The stem final -u deleted before the endings ( → ).
 * 2) Medial -u- is ablauted to -i- ( → ).
 * 3) Before the endings, -s- is sometimes spelled as -ś- ( →, ).
 * 4) Here, Telugu does not distinguish the vowels  and, both are written as ఆ (ā). Generally, ā in the past tense endings is pronounced as in the former, except in 10 verbs where it pronounced as in the latter:
 * However, these verbs also have different third person nonmasculine ending, with the last consonant being doubled before all the endings ( → ).
 * 1) The third person nonmasculine ending is also irregular in the verb :,.
 * 1) The third person nonmasculine ending is also irregular in the verb :,.
 * Rayalaseema


 * Telangana

Future tense
Also known as the future-habitual tense. Sorted as A3, taken from the principal part A. Here are the rules:
 * 1) Stems ending in -pp and -ṭṭ will be replaced by -ba- and -ḍa- (and -bu- and -ḍu- in the third person non-masculine) instead before the endings ( → ).
 * 2) Stems ending in -c and -ñc are simplified to -s- instead before the endings ( → ).
 * 3) -t- becomes -ṭ- after -n- ( → ).
 * 4) Other geminates are simplified to single consonants ( → ). These stems ending in geminates are rendered as irregular in the source.

Negative tense
Sorted as C2, taken from the principal part C. Here are the rules:
 * 1) The stem final -u deleted before the endings ( → ).
 * 2) Medial -u- is ablauted to -a- ( → ).

Imperative
Sorted separately, singular imperative as C7, plural imperative as C6, and negative imperative forms as C5, taken from the principal part C.

The singular imperative is usually used as the lemma form (see above), with few exceptions, mostly class VI verbs. It commonly ends in, or in few verbs after -V̄y- (but if the structure is -[ē, ō]yi, then it varies with -[e, o]y and -[e, o]yyi, e.g. , , ). In class II verbs, which often have the ending, tends to become or  in speech. However, in some other non-standard varieties, -c- or -s- may occur instead of -v-. Thus, may become, , or. There are only a few exception to this: Here are the rules to form other imperative forms:
 * 1)  →  (suppletive)
 * 2)  (only exists as in the imperative)
 * 1)  (only exists as in the imperative)
 * 1)  (only exists as in the imperative)
 * 1) The stem final -u deleted before the endings ( → ).
 * 2) Medial -u- is ablauted to -a- ( → ).

Hortative
Sorted as A5. The only ending is, however, stem final -s and -c are assimilated to -d- except in the Telangana dialect ( → , but Telangana ).