Appendix:Urdu verbal derivation

Urdu has a productive verbal derivation process that is applied to both inherited and borrowed verbs. It is characterised by the use of certain suffixes as well as vowel gradation (ablaut).

Intransitive
Intransitive verbal derivations usually treat the subject as the lexical-semantic patient or theme of the verb, i.e. they are passive forms of the verb they are derived from; the subject is the one upon whom the verb acts.

These generally take the full grade of their internal vowel. In case where the stem ends in a vowel, a -l- is inserted between the stem and ending for the passivized form.

Transitive
These take either the lengthened grade or the suffix.

Causative
These take either the suffix on the intransitive form or their stems are augmented by.

Second causative
Their stems are augmented by. Not every verb has one. Their meaning is of the form "to cause x to make y do something (to z)". The y is an animate, agentive instrument.

CAT:Urdu appendices