Citations:Kamboh

when they are identified as the Kambojas

 * 1874, A history of Hindustán: being an English translation, part 3, page 23:
 * The correct name of Kándhar is Gandhár and the inhabitants of Camboj are at present called Kambohs.


 * 1874, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume 43, page 260 (quoted also in 1881 in Indo-Aryans: contributions towards the elucidation of their of their ancient and mediaeval history, page 187):
 * Confining ourselves to the Kambohs, the attitude is a presumption in favour of their identity with the outcasted extra-Indian, hostile race of Kamboja mentioned by Manu.


 * , (1882?), H. A. Rose, A glossary of the tribes and castes: (discussing Pandit Tara Singh Narotam:
 * The author of the Aina Tarikhnama and Gur Tirath Sangra has given an account of the Kambohs and assigns their origin to the Kambojas.


 * 1956, M. R. Tarafdar, Husain Shah in Bengali Literature, in the Indian Historical Quarterly, volume XXXII, pages 56-80:
 * Another Iranian tribe, famous in ancient times, was that of the Kambojas. Their descendants are the Kambohs of modern Panjab. At present there are Hindu Kambohs and Muslim Kambohs. They are spread up to Bengal and are known to have played some part in the medieval history of that region. Some of the Kambohas [sic] have a tradition of their coming from Kasmir, others locate their home-land in Garh Gazni and some trace their origin to the Kai dynasty of Iran


 * 2009, Barbara A. West, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, volume 1, page 359:
 * The ancient Kamboja people spoke Avestan, an Eastern Iranian language. Today the Indian Kamboj and Pakistani Kamboh people speak a number of local languages [...]

when they are identified as not the Kambojas

 * 1997, H. A. Rose, A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Provine, page 445:
 * These facts are in accord with the tradition that the Kambohs came from Kashmir, but beyond that there is absolutely nothing but the resemblance in the names to enable us to identify the Kambohs with the Kambojas.

a people (of unclear identification)

 * 1874, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume 43, page 261:
 * The Kambohs [...] are a small but very well known even to being notorious people scattered in many parts of Upper India, from Benares up to the Panjab, and I do not know how far south. [...] There are both Hindu and Musalman Kambohs,
 * [...] ¶
 * Thus if the Kambohs are contemned, they are likewise feared. Both Kashmiris and Kambohs are looked upon with suspicion [...]


 * 1916, Denzil Ibbetson, Panjab castes: being a reprint of the chapter on "The races, castes, and tribes of the people" in the report on the census of the Panjab published in 1883 by the late Sir Denzil Ibbetson, K.C.S.I., page 195:
 * The Kambohs are one of the finest cultivating castes in the Panjab.


 * 1992, Mangal Sen Jindal, History of origin of some clans in India, with special reference to Jats, page 149:
 * Pure blood Kamboh ladies are very beautiful and attractive.

other citations

 * 1866, in the Various Census of India, page 34:
 * Kumboh, 433.—According to their own account, the Kumbohs are the old inhabitants of the trans-Indus country, and most of them were converted to Islam by Mahmood of Ghuznee. The Sanskrit name of Cabool is Kamboj, and this is so similar to Kumboh, that, on the authority of the above tradition, these people may be safely conjectured to have been the ancient inhabitants of Cabool. Their Mahomedan brethren state that they are the descendents of the ancient Kye dynasty of the Kings of Persia.
 * quoted in 1869 in the Memoirs on the history, folk-lore, and distribution of the races by Henry Elliot, edited by John Beames; that book updates the spelling to "Kamboh"


 * 1890, William Crooke, An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, page 101:
 * Kamboh.—(The name is popularly derived from Kai-amboh, the assembly of the Kai, the royal race of Persia from whom the tribe claim descent: but there seems very little doubt that they are the modern descendants of the Kamboja. They are regarded by Wilford as the people of Arachosia. They are always mentioned together with the North-West Tribes, Yavanas, Sakas and the like. They are famous for their horses, and in the Ramdyana they are said to be covered with golden lotuses, probably some ornament or embellishment.


 * 1891, An enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan, p 6,  H. William H. Bellow; (Also see 1996, Sectarianism and Ethnic Violence in Afghanistan, p 23,  Musa Khan Jalzai):
 * "Darius III succeeded, about 521 B.C to the empire founded by Cyrus (Kurush), and enlarged and consolidated by his son and successor Cambyses (Kambojia, Kambohji). Cyrus-whose mother was called Mandane (Mandana, perhaps a princess of the Mandan tribe), and said to be a Mede, and whose father was called Cambyses (Kambohji, probably a chieftain of the Kamboh tribe) having reduced the Medes and conquered the kingdom of Croesus the Lydian (Ludi), thereby became master of all the territory extending from the Indus to the Hellespont".


 * 1928, Epigraphia Zeylanica: being lithic and other inscriptions of Ceylon: Volume 2 Ceylon. Archeological Dept, pp 75/76"
 * "The reference in the Vamsa Brahmana to a certain Kamboja Aupamanyava as a pupil of Madragara points, according to Prof. Macdonell and Dr. Keith*, to ' a possible connexion of the Madras a, or more probably, the Uttara Madras, with the Kambojas, who probably had Iranian as well as Indian affinities’. The Kambohs of the present day in the NW. Provinces of India are generally regarded as the modern representatives of Ancient Kambojas"


 * 1928, The Journal of the Bihar Research Society, volume 14, page 512:
 * Their [Kambojas’] descendants are still called ‘Kamboh’ in the Panjab and the North-Western Frontier Provinces. Later on the Kambojas colonised Further India and gave their name to modem Cambodia.


 * 1930, The Journal of the Bihar Research Society: Volume 16,Bihar Research Society, 1930, Dr K. P. Jayaswal:
 * "Dr Konow's recognition of Kamuia, occurring in Lion Capital Inscriptions of Mathura as = Kambojika (=Kamboja) is convincing… The Persian form Kamboh lends support to the theory that the j there had a soft, probably a voiced, sound.."


 * 1942, Early History of India, p 2,  Gulshan Rai:
 * "The country west of the Indus, and east of the deserts of Seistan and Makran were occupied by the sixth branch (of the Manavas), known by the name of the Narishyantas. Later on when they were displaced by the Asuras from the west,  they became split up into the four well known peoples, the Paradas (Parthians), the Kambhojas (Kambohs), the Pahlavas, (Iranians) and the Yavanas (lonians or the Greeks..."


 * 1945, Moti Chandra, Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana parva:
 * Kamboh, an agricultural community in Panjab; its probable connection with the Kambojas.


 * 1954, Literary history of ancient India, in relation to its racial and Linguistic Affiliations, 2010 (Edition), Chandra Chakraberty:
 * "Kamboja is likely the Kaofu = Kambu of Hiuan-Tsang in Afghanistan--- Kamboh of the Punjab....Kambojas a clan of the Sakas. Kamuia-(Ir. Kambuja (Cambyses)) = Kambohoa of W. Punjab (p 34).... was a branch of the Scythian Cambysena (Kambujiya)  of ancient Armenia (p 166).....Astyages (Ir. Arshtivaga = Ak. Istuvega = Med. Rsti-vega, lance hurler), successor of Cyaxares = Uvakshatra, had a daughter Mandane = Manda princess, who was given in marriage to Cambyses I (Kambuja chief; of Persua, and Manadane became the mother of Cambyses II and Smerdis (Ir. Bardiya = Med. Brzya; in another version, of Cyrus (Kurus), who married Cassadane. daughter of Hakhamanisiya Pharnaspes. and Kambujia and Bardiya were their sons (p 12).....Puhndas (Pawindah), Suraseuas (Siracena) Prasrhalas, Bharatas ' Phraote.s). Kurus (Ir. Karush — Ar. Qaraish), Madras (Madas, Kambojas (l-Cambuia "Cambysen- Ir. Kambujia, Kambohos), Yavanas (Heb. Javan— Ir. Yaunas or Ioaians), Sakas (Chin S-ck Ir 8aka = Sacae and Pahlava is (Pehlavi; Run. 4 43. 12).(p 25)”


 * 1955, Research Journal of Philosophy & Social Sciences: Volume 17, p 74:
 * "The Rohitakgama of the ancient ages are independently seen as Rastogis, Rustagiyas and Rohtagis of today just as the Agreya- gana are found in the form of Agrawals and the Kamboj gana as the Kamboh caste, so also Koliygan as Koli …."


 * 1961, Farmers of India: Punjab Himachal Pradesh, Jammy & Kashmir, 1961, by M.S Randhawa, Vice Chancelor, Panjan Agricultural University, Ludhiana.  Indian Council of Agricultural Research:
 * "The Kambohs claim their origin from Kamboj Desh in Afghanistan where the Kamboh community (Muslims) is still found among the Pathans. The capital of Kamboj Desh was Ghazni. They came into India in the Mahabharata period to take part in the Great War on the side of the Kauravas, and  then settled down in India. To begin with their concentration was along the Ghaggar  and the Doaba lying between the Satluj and Beas. They are mostly fair-coloured and have good features.  This can be regarded as evidence of their descent from the purer Aryan stock".


 * 1962, The Cultural Heritage of India: Itihāsas, Purāṇas, Dharma and other Sastras. 1962, p 615, Dr D Mitra, Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture:
 * "A section of the Kambojas, originally living on the north-western frontier of India, most probably in Afghanistan, and belonging to the Parasaka-vanna (Persians), according to the Buddhaghosa, came and permanently settled in different parts of India. They lent their name to some of the localities occupied by them. A few of the families went to the extent of carving out principalities like the one temporarily eclipsing the fortunes of the Palas of eastern India in the tenth century A.D….The Kambohs or Kambohs living in upper India are generally regarded as the descendants of the ancient Kambojas."


 * 1964, Indian cultural influence in Cambodia, p 273ff, Dr, Bijan Raj Chatterjee"
 * "Now, to turn to India, there are the Kambojas who in ancient Indian history have been associated with the Gandhara region (on the North Western Frontier). They are mentioned in the Maha- bharata as a northern people^ In Kafirstan (further to the north) tribes were found by Elphinstone with the names Camoza and Camoje.1 In Meerut and Bareilly districts of the United Provinces (North India), there are still important group of people who call them Kamboja. Some of them have been converted to Islam and call themselves Kamboh…".


 * 1967, History of Poros, p 12, Panjabi University Patiala:
 * "Hilly country north of the Kabul river was peopled by the sturdy highlanders of Indo-Iranian stock called Aspasians and Assakenoi, corresponding to Asvayanas and Asvakayanas, probably the tribes of the Kambojas,  later known as Kambohs, with their strongholds in the mountain- fastnesses like Massaga, Bajaur and Aornos..."


 * 1967, Transactions - Volume 4, p 73, Indian Institute of Advanced Study:
 * "The Mirasis of the Kambohs narrated the legend of the descent of Kamboh from Raja Kamboj of Kambodia and asserted that there had been no case of Kambohs marrying anybody outside their caste..."


 * 1968, The problems of Indian society, p 69, Devabrata Bose:
 * "In addition he (Manu) mentions Pahlavas (from Persia),  Kambojas (who may be connected to the modern Kamboh caste in the Punjab), Yavanas (Greeks), Sakas (Scythians), Chinas (Chinese) etc. Finally Manu himself names the ideal society whose customs should be followed and whose Brahmans should be obeyed....".


 * 1968, The problems of Indian Society, p 69, Devabrata Bose:
 * "Kambojas…may be connected to the modern Kamboh caste in the Punjab"


 * 1972, Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: a Critical Study, p 168, Dr M. R. Singh
 * "The Kambojas in their advance appear to have proceeded towards further east. The Kamboja people are found in the region of Meerut and Delhi and it has been suggested that the Kamboh Darwaza in the city of Meerut is named after them"


 * 1976, Socio-economic exploration of medieval India, from 800 to 1300 A.D., p 8, P. C. Jaina
 * "The names of gotras or subcastes added on to the names of some high and low-caste Hindus even today trace their descent ... The modern sub-caste Madan from the Madras of Iranian origin; the Puris, an important caste of Khatris from the Purus; the Kambohas or Kambo living in some parts of Haryana and the Panjab from the Kambojas; the modern Kapur from the Arjunayana tribe, the Jats who constitute an important basis of Indian agrarian society from the Jaratas; the Khatri sub-castes Bhalla and Bhila, the Jat agricultural clans Bhalar and Balahara, from the Bactrian Balhikas; the Junejas, which is a corrupt form of Yavanaja, descending from the Yavanas who came from Bactria and established their kingdom in India, the Sikka from the Sakas....."


 * 1977, Tribes of Ancient India, p 99, Mamata Choudhury:
 * "Kambohs--The Kambojas were generally a tribe of the extreme North_Western region. They have been regarded, according to Wilford, as the people of Arachosia. In the later period, they are said to have spread towards the Eastern region (vide Chapter II). The present cultivating and land-owning class under the name Kamboh seems to be representatives of the Kambojas of the Sanskrit texts".


 * ‘1980, Jats, The Ancient Rulers: A Clan Study, p 34, B. S. Dahya:
 * "Lohanas are a still existing Jat clan, whereas Kambojas are a separate caste of the Hindus, nowadays called Kamboh and Kamboha found on the GT Road near Karnal town and other areas."


 * 1980, MUSLIMS: S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta:
 * "KAMBOJ (KAMBOH). They are a group of skilled cultivators who are mostly landowning. The Muslim Kamboj trace relationship with the Qais (Kais) of Persia. When Qais lost his empire he migrated to India and referred as Kai amboh (meaning assembly of the Kais.."


 * 1981, Kirāta-Jana-Kṛti, 1951, p 113, Dr Suniti Kumar Chatterji:
 * "Here cannot be any question of the Kamboja (modern Kamboh) tribe from North- Western Panjab, known several centuries earlier,...."


 * 1981, The Age of Shankara, p 40ff,  Udayavira Shastri:
 * "Even before Panini traders of both sides (India and Central ASia) had been visiting each other's country by this route. Maybe some of those outsiders settled in India. Of those I can name Kamboja/Kamboj (now Kamboh) and Shakdveepee families. They are spread over several places in Panjab..."


 * 1984, Political, legal, and military history of India: Volume 1, Harbans Singh Bhatia:
 * "The Sakas have been divided into four sections, the Paradas, the Kambhojas, the Pahlavas, and the Yavanas. If these statements record a correct tradition then the Paradas, or the Parthians, the Kambhojas or the modern Kambohs of the Panjab, the Pahlavas, (Iranians) and the Yavanas (lonians or the Greeks)"


 * 1984, Political, legal, and military history of India: Volume 1, p 50,  Harbans Singh Bhatia:
 * "...the Paradas, are the Parthians, the Kambhoja (Kambojas) s are the modern Kambohs of the Panjab...."


 * 1985, Mauryan India, p 306, Grigoriĭ Maksimovich Bongard-Levin:
 * "Buddhaghosa, described Kamboja as a country famous for its horses (assanam ayatanam). …... The Punjab castes, known under the name of Kamboh, have preserved a legend that they came to the Punjab from  Ghazni”.


 * 1986, Indian Antiquary, Volume 62, p130:
 * 'The Kamboja of Asoka. 22'. "The Kambojas had their main settlements in the territories of eastern Afghanistan on the river Kabul or modern Kamboha.... Kamboja (Girnar, Kalsi and Mansehra, Rock Edicts V and XIII of Ashoka), with its variants, Kamboya (Shahbazgarhi, V, XIII) and Kamboca (Dhauli, V), is the Kambhoja of the Arthashastra….. From this (Kamboja/Kamboya), 'Kamboh',  the name of a numerous Hindu caste found in the Panjab 45 is derived. Their tradition is that they came from Gajni (Ghazni)....Both Kambuja (and its derivative Kamboja), ' born in Kambu,' and Ka(m)bu-la, ' of Kambu,' may be derived from kn-mbu.  The area where Kabul is situated is just like the neck of a water-pot or a conch.  Kabul seems to be identical with the ancient Kamboja. Its capital, according to the Buddhist suiraa, was Dvaraka.47".

Khahardlaputrasya Kamtnijarafpaga119, The second word of the legend denotes the man who had some kind of connection with the Kambojas. Either he had come from Kamboja, or he belonged to some local family of Kambojas. We find that the villages surrounding the find-spot have their main population as Kamboja (Kamboh) farmers. The report on the census of the Punjab published in1883 by the late Sir Denzil lbbetson shows the caste Kambohasone of the finest cultivating castes, in the Panjab. 120".
 * 1989, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals, P 24, 248.
 * "Sugh (ancient Srugbna near Jagadhari in Ambala Distt ) bears the following legend in Khaxosthl characters : —


 * 1990, Inscriptions of Aśoka: translation and glossary: Volume 1 p 86, Beni Madhab Barua, Binayendra Nath Chaudhury:
 * "As there were the upper Indus settlements of the Kambojas (Kambhojas) and Gandharas, so there were the trans-Indus and ... his wars against the Indians, and the building by him, of the city of Nysa on the Kabul river (modern Kamboh)…..".

Brar..."
 * 1992, Vishveshvaranand Indological journal: Volume 30, p 206, Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies:
 * "Kamboh from the Kambojas. Bhallas from Vahllkas (but Vedic Bhalatakas were in Punjab) and Kirara from Kiratas. Evidently they are late immigrants. The genera1 term Vrata. applied to primitive tribes has also survived in the name of


 * 1992, Mangal Sen Jindal, History of origin of some clans in India, with special reference to Jats, page 149:
 * " 'Kamboj', Homeland of the Kamboh.....Kambohs are tall, fair complexion with narrow prominent nose, well built body, dark hair, broad shoulders and this waiste. Thus they testify the characteristic of the ‘Aryans’. Moreover, their original home was in Central Asia where from Aryans migrated..."


 * 1994, Punjab history conference: 26th Session, Panjabi University of Patiala: Papers: Volume 1, p 224, Gursharan Singh (Ed):
 * "The origin of the Kambohs or Kambojas is traced to very ancient times.2 It will not be out of place to mention here that the Kambojas was the name of a well-known Ved:c Aryan Kshatriya tribe whose territory orjanapada, also known as Kamboja".


 * 1997, Encyclopaedia of Indian tribes, 1997, Padma Shri S. S. Shashi:
 * "KAMBOHS — The Kambojas were generally a tribe of the extreme North-Western region….. The present cultivating and land-owning class under the name Kamboh seems to be the representative of the Kambojas of the Sanskrit texts"


 * 1998, India's Communities: Volume 6,   p 1506, Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India:
 * “KAMBOJ/KAMBOH: They are a widely distributed community in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Chandigarh. Crooke (1896) mentions that ... In Uttar Pradesh, the Kamboj, Kamboji or Kambo are steeped in the antiquity of the epic era.. According to Ibbetson (1919: 44) 'Once a powerful Raja of the Solar race, whore capital was at Ajudhia, marched to Derat and having killed Parmar....”


 * 2000, Punjab State Gazetteer: Volume 2 ,Punjab (India), Jagmohan Singh Hans, Punjab (India). Revenue and Rehabilitation Dept:
 * "Modern Punjabi sub-castes like Arora (Aratta), Bagga (Bhagala, Greek Phageleus) Badhwar and Bedi (Bhadra), Behal, Bhalla, BHallar etc (Bahlike); Chawla (Jaula) Gujar (Gurjare), Huna (Huna) Jat (Jarta, Jarttika); Joneja (Yavanaja-Ionian); Kamboh (Kamboja); Kang (Kang-Kili); Khanna (Khyon, Khionite); Khosla (Kasulaka); Madan (Madra) Malava (Molava, Greek Malloi) Puri (Paurava), Saluja (Salvaja), Sikka/Sika  (Sakas)…etc”


 * 2000, The Punjabis: the people, their history, culture and enterprise - Volume 1, p 34, Iqbal S. Sekhon:
 * "They (Kamboh/Kamboj) are spread up to Bengal and are known to have played some part in the medieval history of that region93  Some of the Kambohas have a tradition of their coming from Kasmir, others locate their home-land in Garh Gazhi and some trace ... Another Iranian tribe,famous in ancient times,was that of the Kambojas. Their descendants are the Kamboha of modern Panjab. At present there are Hindu Kambohas and Muslim Kambohas. They are spread up to Bengal and are known to have played some part in the medieval history of that region93 Some of the Kambohas have a tradition of their coming from Kasmir, others locate their home-land in Garh Gazhi and some trace  their origin to the Kai dynasty of Iran. They hold that they fought with the kurus in the battle of Kuruksetra and their remnants settled at Nabha.94 Thus the Kambohas still preserve the memory of their Iranian affiliations."


 * 2003, People of India - Volume 37 - Page 256-265ff, Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India"
 * "KAMBOH/KAMBOJ: The Kamboh  is one of the finest cultivator communities in the state. They have perhaps migrated from the west and have high concentration in Kapurthala, Patiala, Jalandhar. They trace their origin from Persia or Garh Gajni (=Ghazni)....They are profusely referenced as Kambojas in  many ancient Indian texts."


 * 2003, Republics, Kingdoms, Towns And Cities In Ancient India, p 122, G. P. Singh:
 * "The Kurus (of the Ganga Yamuna Doab or Kuruksetra), the Pancalas (of Abhicchatra and Kampilya) and Kambhoja (on river Kabul  modern Kamboha (eastern Afghanistan) adopted the republican form of government after Buddha…..  The Kambojas had their main settlements in the territories of eastern Afghanistan on the river Kabul or modern Kamboha….It is Kautiliya who first mentions their Samgha."


 * 2004, S Gajrani, History, Religion and Culture of India, page 228:
 * Among the minor agricultural tribes, Sainis and Kambohs are the most prominent ones. They are admirable cultivators, skilful and industrious. The Sainis claim their origin from the Rajputs and some of the Kambohs from "Kamboj Desh".


 * 2005, Hindu polity: a constitutional history of India in Hindu times, p 139, K. P. Jayaswal:
 * "From Kamboja, ' Kamboh,' the name of a numerous Hindu caste found in the Panjab is derived…..Kabul seems to be connected with the ancient Kamboja....".


 * 2007, Social And Cultural History Of Ancient India, p 228, Dr. Rajkumar:
 * "The Pehoa prasasti (panegyric) of the reign of Mahendrapala of Kanauj mentions Acyuta of Kamboja descent, son of Visnu. The names of the father and son indicate that they were thoroughly Indianized. The Kambohs or Kambohs living in upper India are generally regarded as the descendants of the ancient Kambojas".


 * 2007, The people and culture of Bengal, a Study in Origins, Volume 1, Part 2, p 567, Annapurna Chattopadhyaya:
 * "… the present cultivating and landowning class known as Kamboh has been supposed to be the representative of the ancient Kambojas. The modern Kamboh peoples are to be found all over Uttarpradesh, more particularly in the region around Mathura ".