Citations:nonparturient

Adjective: "having never given birth"

 * 1903 — The Philadelphia Medical Journal, Volume 11, page 629:
 * In the uterus of a woman who has had children there is always more elastic tissue than in the nonparturient uterus.
 * 1978 — Nancy J. Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering, University of California Press (1999), ISBN 0520221559, page 26:
 * They find that female hormones stimulate maternal behavior equally in virgin, nonparturient female rats and in male rats.
 * 1996 — F. Lévy et al., "Physiological, Sensory, and Experiential Factors of Parental Care in Sheep", in Parental Care: Evolution, Mechanisms, and Adaptive Significance (eds. Jay S. Rosenblatt & Charles T. Snowdon), Academic Press (1996), ISBN 0120045257, page 409:
 * Olfactory recognition of lambs is therefore accomplished in two phases starting with the completely naive, nonparturient ewe that rejects all lambs.
 * 1999 — Lewis Petrinovich, Darwinian Dominion: Animal Welfare and Human Interests, MIT Press (1999), ISBN 0262661217, page 130:
 * They exposed bottle-fed babies to two gauze pads; one contained the odor of an unfamiliar lactating mother's breast, and the other either the odor of the same woman's armpit or breast odor of a nonparturient woman.

Adjective: "(of a caregiver) not the one who gave birth to the child or children"

 * 2004 — Maureen Sullivan, The Family of Woman: Lesbian Mothers, Their Children, and the Undoing of Gender, University of California Press (2004), ISBN 0520239636, page 63:
 * It appeared to affirm that, aside from the physiological exigencies of pregnancy and childbirth, individuals wanting to fulfill culturally defined parental duties and responsibilities are not prohibited from doing so by biological incapacities related to being a nonparturient parent — the argument most often invoked to justify men's lack of interest or involvement in a new infant son or daughter's care.
 * 2005 — E. B. Keverne, "Neurobiological and Molecular Approaches to Attachment Bonding", in Attachment and Bonding: A New Synthesis (eds. C.S. Carter, L. Ahnert, K. E. Grossmann, S. B. Hrdy, M. E. Lamb, S. W. Porges, and N. Sachser), MIT Press (2005), ISBN 0262033488, page 115:
 * However, the lengthy dependence of children on parental care is also aided by the participation of nonparturient family members (fathers and grandparents).