Citations:plume head

Noun: "(geology) the broad, flattened top of a mantle plume, the eruption of which is thought to create a large igneous province"

 * 2000, Bernhard Steinberger & Richard J. O'Connell, "Effects of Mantle Flow on Hotspot Motion", in The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions (eds. Mark A. Richards, Richard G. Gordon, & Rob van der Hilst), page 390 (image caption):
 * Initial surface positions of plumes are on a grid, with eruption of plumeheads 100 Ma ago.
 * 2005, Warren B. Hamilton, "Plumeless Venus preserves an ancient impact-accretionary surface", in Plates, Plumes, and Paradigms (eds. Gillian R. Foulger, James H. Natland, Dean C. Presnall, & Don L. Anderson), page 794:
 * Plumeheads interact with hypothetical thermal and compositional layers, spread laterally at any desired levels in the crust and mantle, and produce extension above their centers and shortening above their perimeters, or extension above their perimeters, or vast volcanic-plain eruptions, or linear rifts, or combinations of these and other effects
 * 2005, Philip A. Allen & John A. Allen, Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, page 108:
 * Two sorts of uplift pattern and igneous activity should result from plume activity depending on whether the lithosphere migrates over a plume head or plume tail.
 * 2006, "Part 2: Geochemical constraints on flood basalt and rift processes", in The Afar Volcanic Province within the East African Rift System (eds. G. Yirgu, C. J. Ebinger, & P. K. H. Maguire), pages 73-74:
 * They argue that the Afar plume is a long-lived feature of the mantle and that its fundamental isotopic composition has effectively not changed during transition from Oligocene plume head volcanism to modern plume tail activity.
 * 2007, Gunter Faure & Teresa M. Mensing, Introduction to Planetary Science: The Geological Perspective, page 76:
 * When the plumehead reaches the underside of the overlying lithospheric shell of the Earth, it spreads laterally and thereby causes fractures to form which may propagate upward into the continental or oceanic crust.
 * 2009, Sigurdur Steinthorsson, "Iceland", in Encyclopedia of Islands (eds. Rosemary G. Gillespie & David A. Clague), page 440:
 * In this hypothesis, the Kerguelen Plateau/Broken Ridge LIP represents volcanism derived from the plume head, and the Ninety East Ridge, a long (more than 5000-km), age-progressive, and linear chain of volcanoes, represents volcanism derived from the plume tail.
 * 2012, Tianfeng Weng, The Tectonics of China: Data, Maps and Evolution, page 371:
 * Hotspots indicated by basaltic volcanism mark the position of the plume head below the Earth's surface, where magma has been generated by the partial melting of rising mantle material.
 * 2014, Richard E. Ernst, Large Igneous Provinces, page 184:
 * On Mars, a rising mantle plume will remain fixed beneath the same lithosphere spot throughout its lifetime, both through the plume-head stage, where voluminous magmatism is produced in short period of time, and through the protracted plume-tail stage, during which much lower rates of magmatism are produced over a period of perhaps 200 Ma (if the maximum observed age of terrestrial hotspots is applicable).
 * 2016, Mainak Choudhuri & Michal Nemčok, Mantle Plumes and Their Effects, page vii:
 * The surface elevations surrounding a hot spot have been explained by the presence of a plume head below the lithosphere.
 * 2018, Shufeng Yang & Hanlin Chen, The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in Northwest China, page 110:
 * Saunders et al. (2005) believed the regional uplift occurred in the West Siberian Basin during the Late Permian—Triassic due to the uprising of the Siberian plume head, which caused the rifting of the basin.
 * 2022, Wolfgang Frisch, Martin Meschede, & Ronald C. Blakey, Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain Building, page 101:
 * Its [Mauna Kea] diameter at the ocean floor is ca. 1000km, toughly corresponding the diameter of the plume head below.