Citations:traveler's diarrhea

Travel to less developed country

 * 1999, Gregory Juckett, Prevention and Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea, American Family Physician, [//www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0701/p119.html page 119]:
 * Traveler's diarrhea is defined as three or more unformed stools in 24 hours in a person from an industrialized nation traveling in a less developed country.


 * 2006, David J. Diemert, Prevention and Self-Treatment of Traveler's Diarrhea, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, [//cmr.asm.org/content/19/3/583.full.pdf page 585]:
 * Traveler's diarrhea is usually defined in studies as the passage of at least three unformed stools within a 24-h period, in association with at least one symptom of gastrointestinal disease such as nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain or cramps, tenesmus, fecal urgency, or the passage of bloody or mucoid stools. By convention, it usually refers to disease that develops in a resident of the industrialized world who travels to a developing tropical or semitropical country.


 * 2008, Nipam P. Shah, Geographic variation of the etiology of travelers' diarrhea, [//books.google.nl/books?id=FjzW4FwIi8YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22traveler's+diarrhea%22&source=bl&ots=PPd3ss0f8N&sig=lsF1jaXlAfOdEYjZG9apCLpuGzM&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=WjhwUOrVGeKp0QWI5IGICQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22traveler's%20diarrhea%22&f=false page 1]:
 * Traveler's diarrhea is defined as passage of ≥ 3 unformed stools plus presence of one or more symptoms of enteric infection including cramps, nausea, fever, blood admixed to the stools and vomiting (6, 7, 8, 9) occuring in a person visiting a developing region from an industrialized country. The rates of TD vary according the geographic regions (10) and season.


 * 2009, N. Shetty, J.W. Tang, J. Andrews, Infectious Disease: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Case Studies, [//books.google.nl/books?id=ENXj6Zh_84oC&pg=PA525&lpg=PA525&dq=%22traveler's+diarrhea%22&source=bl&ots=QXiK6zGUdJ&sig=dIoTKU8sem7Qnj4cWCTqXpX6UwU&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=WjhwUOrVGeKp0QWI5IGICQ&ved=0CGIQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22traveler's%20diarrhea%22&f=false page 525]:
 * Traveler's diarrhea is a clinical syndrome that affects visitors from an area where there are high standards of sanitation to those parts of the world where there is poor infrastructure for safe water supply and disposal of human feces. This results in human fecal and therefore microbial contamination of food and water.


 * 2010, Allan B. Wolfson, Gregory W. Hendey, Louis J. Ling, et. al., Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine, [//books.google.nl/books?id=Idb0Z658lFQC&pg=PT634&lpg=PT634&dq=%22traveler's+diarrhea%22&source=bl&ots=Rw4b_zDgHB&sig=lMv6epslujdIvIeE0V8Nl4jE0jM&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=LDtwUM_jMamX1AW3koCAAw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwADgK page 601]:
 * Traveler's diarrhea is usually defined as the passage of at least three unformed stools in a 24-hour period, together with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or cramps, fecal urgency, tenesmus, or the passage of bloody or mucoid stools in a person who lives in an industrialized region and who has traveled to a developing semi-tropical or tropical country (24).

Travel to less developed country & (by extension) any travel

 * 2003, Robert H. Gates, Infectious disease secrets, page 302:
 * Traveler's diarrhea refers to the ocurrence of 3 or 4 unformed stools in any 24-hour period, along with GI symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramping, in a traveler from a highly industrialized region to a developing tropical region. This definition may be expanded to include any traveler, regardless of point of origin or destination.


 * 2004, Anna C. Casburn-Jones, Michael J.G. Farthing, Traveler's diarrhea, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, [//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03287.x/pdf page 610]:
 * Traveler's diarrhea refers to an enteric illness acquired when a person travels from a developed to a developing country, but can include any travel-associated diarrheal disease. [...] The chances of acquiring this condition depend on well-known risk factors, such as origin and destination of travel, travel season, and various host factors. [...]
 * Traveler's diarrhea is defined as the passage of three or more unformed stools in 24 h during or shortly after travel, or any number of loose stools if accompanied by fever, cramping, abdominal pain or vomiting.

Any travel, risk areas

 * 2005, Johnnie Yates, Traveler's Diarrhea, American Family Physician, [//www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0601/p2095.html page 2095]:
 * The classic definition of traveler's diarrhea is three or more unformed stools in 24 hours with at least one of the following symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, or bloody stools. [...] Destination is the most significant risk factor for developing traveler's diarrhea. Regions with the highest risk are Africa, South Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.


 * 2011, Stefano Guandalini, Haleh Vaziri (editors), Clinical Gastroenterology, Diarrhea: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances, [//books.google.nl/books?id=BstHGdtpb9AC&pg=PA8&dq=%22traveler%27s+diarrhea%22&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=VO2UUIWiAeqo0AXA-4CQDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22traveler's%20diarrhea%22&f=false page 7]:
 * Traveler's diarrhea is defined as the passage of ≥3 unformed stools that occur within a 24-h period, accompanied by one other symptom or sign of enteric infection, including abdominal cramps or pain, excessive gas, nausea, fever, blood or mucous in stools, tenesmus, and vomiting [64]. [...]
 * The frequency of traveler's diarrhea varies between 4 and 40% with the highest rates (40%) seen in Latin America, Africa (except South Africa), most of the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent [66]. The lowest rates of traveler's diarrhea (<4%) are seen in travelers to the USA, Canada, western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, whereas intermediate rates (8-15%) are seen for travelers to China, Russia, eastern Europe, and South Africa [66, 67].