Legendre transformation

Etymology
Named after (1752–1852), a French mathematician.

Noun

 * 1)  Given a function $$f(x,y,z,...)$$ which is concave up with respect to x (i.e., its second derivative with respect to x is greater than zero), an involutive procedure for replacing x with another variable, say $$p = {\partial f \over \partial x}$$ thus yielding another function, say $$F = F(p,y,z,...)$$. This new function contains all of the information of the original f encoded, as it were, within it so that $${\partial F \over \partial p} = x$$ and applying a similar transformation to F yields the original f. The formula is: $$F(p,y,z,...) = p \cdot x(p) - f(x(p),y,z,...)$$ where x must be expressed as a function of p. (Note: The concave upwardness means that $${\partial f \over \partial x}$$ is monotonically increasing, which means that p as a function of x is invertible, so x should be expressible as a function of p.)
 * 2)  A formula for converting a Lagrangian function to a Hamiltonian function (or vice versa).
 * A Legendre transformation looks like this: $$H = \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \dot q_i - L = \sum_{i=1}^n {\partial L \over \partial \dot q_i} \dot q_i - L$$, where the $$q_i$$ are generalized coordinates, their dotted versions $$\dot q_i$$ are their time derivatives, the $$p_i = {\partial L \over \partial \dot q_i}$$ are generalized momenta or conjugate momenta, $$L = L(q_1, ..., q_n; \dot q_1, ..., \dot q_n)$$ is a Lagrangian function and $$H = H(q_1, ..., q_n; p_1, ..., p_n)$$ is a Hamiltonian function.
 * 1)  A relation between internal energy (expressed in terms of volume and entropy) and enthalpy (replacing volume with pressure), or between internal energy and Helmholtz free energy (replacing entropy with temperature), or between enthalpy and Gibbs free energy (replacing entropy with temperature), or between internal energy and Gibbs free energy (replacing volume with pressure and entropy with temperature), or between Helmholtz free energy and Gibbs free energy (replacing volume with pressure).